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鐩磋娉曢亷鍘诲紡 (Aorist or Past Tense)
鍕曡鑸囦富瑭炵殑閰嶅悎 (Agreement of Verb and Subject)
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( 鎺ラ牠瑭 ) + [ a ] + 瀛楁牴 + 閬庡幓寮忚獮灏 鈫 (鎴 鐝惧湪寮忚獮鍩) 姝よ檿鍙兘銆屾摯澧(augment)銆 |
(1) 绗竴鍨 ( i- 鍨) [姊垫枃is-aorist]
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< (k)kam > |
sg. |
pl. |
|
3rd. |
upasamkam-i (浠栭偅鏅寰瑭) |
upasamkam-imsu (浠栧戦偅鏅寰瑭) |
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2nd. |
upasamkam-i (浣犻偅鏅寰瑭) |
upasamkam-ittha (浣犲戦偅鏅寰瑭) |
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1st. |
upasamkam-im (-isam) (鎴戦偅鏅寰瑭) |
upasamkam-imha (-imha) (鎴戝戦偅鏅寰瑭) |
鈥姝ら澶у鐢便屽瓧鏍广(灏戞暩鐢便岀従鍦ㄥ紡瑾炲熀銆) 鍔i- 闁嬮牠鐨勪竴绲
銆岄亷鍘诲紡瑾炲熬銆嶏紝涓嶉亷涔熸湁瑾炲熬涓嶈鍓囩殑銆
鈥鏈夌殑鏈夈屾摯澧(augment)銆-- 鍗炽屽瓧鏍广嶅墠鍔 a-銆
渚嬶細 as (be鍕曡) > as-i 浠 /瀹冩槸 (he /it was)锛a- 鎿村锛
3pl.鐐asum銆
(p)pa-(k)kam > pakkam-i 浠栭洟鍘 (he went away)锛屽柈鏁告檪姣
闊a闀峰寲锛岀偤涓嶈鍓囧瀷锛涜鏁歌
鍓囷紝濡傦細3pl. pakkam-imsu銆
(j)jhe > jhay-i 浠栫Κ瑙 (he meditated)锛岀敤銆岀従鍦ㄥ紡
瑾炲熀銆嶃
pucch > pucch-i 浠栧晱 (he asked)
bandh > bandh-i 浠栫秮 (he bound)
bhas > a-bhas-i 浠栬 (he said, he spoke)锛a-鎿村銆
(p)pa-(v)vaj > pabbaj-i 浠栧嚭瀹 (he went forth)
(p)pa-vis > pavis-i 浠栭插叆 (he entered)锛a- 鎿村銆
ni-sid > nisid-i 浠栧潗涓 (he sat down)
(2) 绗簩鍨 ( si- 鍨) [姊垫枃s-aorist]
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< dis > |
sg. |
pl. |
|
3rd. |
des-e-si (浠栭偅鏅鏁欏皫) |
des-e-sum (浠栧戦偅鏅鏁欏皫) |
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2nd. |
des-e-si (浣犻偅鏅鏁欏皫) |
* des-ittha (浣犲戦偅鏅鏁欏皫) |
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1st. |
des-e-sim (鎴戦偅鏅鏁欏皫) |
* des-imha (鎴戝戦偅鏅鏁欏皫) |
鈥姝ら涓昏鐐虹涓冮鍕曡锛岀敱鍚岃獮鍩烘瘝闊炽(Stem Vowel) e 鐨勩岀従鍦
寮忚獮鍩恒嶅姞si-
闁嬮牠鐨勩岄亷鍘诲紡瑾炲熬銆嶃
鈥瑜囨暩1st. 2nd.銆岃獮鍩烘瘝闊炽-e- 鐪佺暐(鍥犲叾寰岄亣姣嶉煶闁嬮牠鐨勮獮灏-ittha銆
-imha)銆
渚嬶細 pari-dev + e + si > paridevesi 浠栨偛娉 (he grieved) (鎺ラ牠瑭
pari- 鎰忚瑐銆岄亶銆佸湏銆佸畬銆嶏紝
round銆around)
kath + e + si > kathesi 浠栬 (he related)
a-mant + e + si > amantesi 浠栧憡瑷 (he addressed)
(3) 绗竴銆佷簩鍨嬬殑鎳夌敤
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< ka(kar) > |
sg. |
pl. |
|
3rd. |
a-ka-si (浠栭偅鏅鍋) |
a-k-amsu (浠栧戦偅鏅鍋) |
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2nd. |
a-ka-si (浣犻偅鏅鍋) |
a-k-attha (浣犲戦偅鏅鍋) |
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1st. |
a-ka-sim
(鎴戦偅鏅鍋) |
a-k-amha (-amha) (鎴戝戦偅鏅鍋) |
鈥閫氬父銆屽瓧鏍逛互
-a 绲愬熬銆嶇殑鍕曡灞鍨嬶紝涓斿瓧鏍瑰墠甯告湁銆a- 鎿村銆嶃
鈥鍠暩瑾炲熬鍚岀浜屽瀷銆傝鏁歌獮灏鹃绗竴鍨嬶紝鍙槸绗竴鍨嬬敤i- 闁嬮牠鐨勪竴绲
瑾炲熬锛屾铏曞墖鐢a-
闁嬮牠鐨勪竴绲 (濡 -imsu
> -amsu锛-ittha > -attha绛)銆
渚嬶細 (t)tha + si > atthasi 浠栫珯绔 (he stood)锛a- 鎿村銆
da + si > adasi 浠栧竷鏂 (he gave)锛a- 鎿村銆
(p)pa-ha + si > pahasi 浠栨崹闆 (he renounced)锛岀劇鎿村銆
鈻 hu 鐨勯亷鍘诲紡涓嶈鍓囦絾甯哥敤锛
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< hu > |
sg. |
pl. |
|
3rd. |
a-ho-si (浠栭偅鏅鏄) |
a-he-sum (浠栧戦偅鏅鏄) |
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2nd. |
a-ho-si (浣犻偅鏅鏄) |
a-hu-vatha (浣犲戦偅鏅鏄) |
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1st. |
a-ho-sim (鎴戦偅鏅鏄) |
a-hu-mha (鎴戝戦偅鏅鏄) |
鈥bhu 鐨勯亷鍘诲紡瑾炲熬鍚 hu锛屼絾鍙敤鍦ㄦ湁鎺ラ牠瑭炴檪锛屽锛
patu(r)-bhosi >
patubhosi = paturahosi =
瀹冮偅鏅傞’鐝俱
鍑虹従 (it became manifest) (鍙
F 16-7闋侊紝绗(5)闋呬箣鐢ㄤ緥)
(1) 琛ㄩ仈浠讳綍銆岄亷鍘诲嫊浣(Past Actions)銆嶃
(2) 鍙互鐢ㄤ締琛ㄩ仈銆岀従鍦ㄥ畬鎴(Present Perfect)銆嶏紝浜﹀嵆閬庡幓鐨勭稉椹椼佸嫊浣
鑸囩従鍦ㄧ殑绲愭灉鏈夐棞銆佹垨閬庡幓鍕曚綔寤剁簩鍒扮従鍦ㄦ垨鏈締銆備絾琛ㄩ仈銆岀従鍦
瀹屾垚銆嶆洿绮剧⒑鐨勪娇鐢ㄦ噳鏄 Be + pp.(閬庡幓鍒嗚)銆
涓昏 鍕曡 渚锛 aham vadami = 鎴戣
mayam vadama = 鎴戝戣
鈹斺攢鈹鈹攢鈹鈹 tvam vadasi = 浣犺
tumhe vadatha = 浣犲戣
銆屼汉绋便佹暩銆嶉爤涓鑷 puriso vadati = 姝や汉瑾
purisa vadanti = 浜哄戣
锛掞紟澶氬嬩富瑭炵殑鎯呮硜锛
涓昏 1 涓昏 2 鍕曡
鈹斺攢鈹鈹攢鈹鈹
涓昏涔嬮枔銆屼汉绋便佹暩銆嶄笉鍚岋紝鎬庨杭瑙f焙锛
(1) 濡備綍瑙f焙銆屾暩銆嶇殑涓嶅悓锛
鈥ч氬父鍙栥屾墍鏈変富瑭炵殑鏁哥洰鍜屻(鏁呯敤銆岃鏁搞嶅嫊瑭)銆
鈥灏戞暩鎯呮硜鍍呴毃銆屾渶闈犺繎鐨勪富瑭炪嶏紝鎴栨妸鎵鏈変富瑭炪岃鐐轰竴鍊嬮泦
鍚堛(姝ゆ檪鐢ㄣ屽柈鏁搞嶅嫊瑭)銆
(2) 濡備綍瑙f焙銆屼汉绋便嶇殑涓嶅悓锛
绗竴浜虹ū > 绗簩浜虹ū > 绗笁浜虹ū ( ie, 鎴戝 > 浣犲 > 浠栧 )