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瑾炲熀涓嶈鍓囩殑绗竴椤炲嫊瑭
灏嶆牸鐨勭敤娉 (Accusative Case)
鍙婄墿鍕曡鑸囦笉鍙婄墿鍕曡
鏈変簺绗竴椤炲嫊瑭炵敱瑾炴牴褰㈡垚瑾炲熀鏅傛渻鏈変笉瑕忓墖璁婂寲锛岄欎簺鍕曡鍙涓
鏂锋帴瑙革紝鑷劧鑳界啛鎮夈備緥濡傦細
(p)pa-vis > pavisati 浠栭插叆 (he enters) (鐭煶绡i鏈挤鍖)
(p)phus > phusati 浠栨帴瑙搞佷粬閬斿埌 (he touches, he reaches,
he attains) (鐭煶绡u鏈挤鍖)
is > icchati 浠栨兂瑕 (he wishes, he desires)
gam > gacchati 浠栧幓 (he goes)
a-gam > agacchati 浠栦締 (he comes)
(t)tha > titthati 浠栫珯绔嬨佹寔绾屻佸仠姝 (he stands, he remains,
he stops) (閲嶈瀛楁牴)
da > dadati /deti 浠栨柦鑸 (he gives) (閲嶈瀛楁牴)
(p)pa-ha > pajahati 浠栨銆佹崹銆侀洟 (he gives up,he renounces)
(閲嶈瀛楁牴)
(p)pa-(v)vaj > pabbajati 浠栧嚭瀹 (he goes forth)
(j)jhe > jhayati 浠栫Κ鎬 (he meditates) (e > ay闀烽煶鍖)
i > eti 浠栧幓 (he goes) (鏈姞銆岃獮鍩烘瘝闊炽a )
鈥 瀛楁牴銆閲嶈鍓嶇疆銆(reduplication) 涔嬩竴鑸鍓囷細
(1)
瀛楁牴涔嬮枊闋瓙闊崇偤銆屽枆闊炽嶇殑锛岃畩鐐恒岄闊炽嶏紱銆屾湁姘c嶇殑锛岃畩
鐐恒岀劇姘c嶏紱姘i煶h璁婄偤j銆傚嵆锛
鍠夐煶锛 k
kh g gh h
椤庨煶锛 c
j
(2)
瀛楁牴涔嬨岄暦姣嶉煶銆嶅父鏈冦岀煭鍖栥(濡a > a) 鎴栥屽急鍖栥(濡a > i)銆
锛愶紟灏嶆牸鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細锛堟铏曚互-a鐐轰緥锛屽叾椁樿珛鍙冭鏈珷鏈寰屻屼竴瑕借〃銆嶏級
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
buddha m. 浣 > buddh-am buddh-e
phala n. 鏋 > phal-am phal-ani
phal-e
kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-am kabb-a
kabb-ayo
锛戯紟浣滅偤涓诲嫊鍙(Active)鍕曡鐨勭洿鎺ュ彈瑭(direct object)
鈥purisam bandhati = 浠栫秮閫欏嬩汉 (he binds the man)
鈥samanam vadati = 浠栧皪娌欓杸瑾 (he says to the ascetic)
锛掞紟浣滅偤琛屽嫊(motion)鎵鍒扮殑銆岀洰妯(goal)銆
鈥gamam pavisati = 浠栭插叆鏉戝瓙 (he enters the village)
鈥buddham upasamkamati = 浠栧幓鎷滆í浣涢檧 (he visits Buddha)
锛擄紟琛ㄩ仈琛屽嫊鐨勭瘎鍦(extent)
鈥maggam patipajjati = 浠栬閬 (he follows the road)
锛旓紟浣滅偤鍙︿竴鍙楄(accusative)鐨勮瑾(attribute)
鈥khattiyo brahmanam mahamattam passati = 鍓庡笣鍒╃湅瑕嬭韩鐐哄ぇ鑷g殑濠嗙緟
闁 (the worrior sees the priest who is the minister)
锛曪紟琛ㄩ仈銆岄棞鏂...浜恒佷簨銆佺墿 (with reference to)銆
鈥tam kho pana Bhagavantam Gotamam evam kalyano kitti-saddo abbhuggato :
' Iti pi so Bhagava araham samma-sambuddho vijja-carana-sampanno sugato
loka-vidu anuttaro purisa-damma-sarathi, sattha deva-manussanam buddho
bhagava ti ' = 涓︿笖锛闂滄柤閫欎綅鍠仈鎽╀笘灏锛屾湁濡傛缇庡ソ鐨勮伈鍚嶅唬鐐
鍌虫彋锛氥岄偅灏辨槸锛岄欎綅涓栧皧鏄噳鍙椾緵椁婅(闃跨緟婕)銆佹纰哄湏婊夸箣瑕烘偀
鑰(姝i亶瑕鸿)銆佹櫤鎱ц鐐轰箣瀹岃冻鑰(鏄庤瓒)銆佸畬鍠勪箣鎴愬氨鑰咃紙鍠勯濓級銆
涓栭枔涔嬫礊瑙h咃紙涓栭枔瑙o級銆佺暥鍙楄浼忎箣浜轰箣鐒′笂瑾垮尽鑰咃紙鐒′笂澹佽寰
涓堝か锛夈佸ぉ浜哄斧銆佷經銆佷笘灏娿嶃 (And concerning the Blessed Gotama this
fair report has been spread about : " This blessed lord is an arahant (accompli-
shed one), a fully enlightened one, perfect in true knowledge and conduct, the
well-one, knower of the worlds, incomparable trainer of persons to be tamed,
teacher of gods and humans,enlightened, blessed.") (D.I.p.49.L15-19,娌欓杸鏋
缍)
锛栵紟琛ㄧず鍟忓(greetings)鎴栬鍜(imprecations)鐨勫皪璞
鈥 bhavam atthu bhavantam Jotipalam manavam = 椤樺彲鏁殑璀锋槑绔ュ瓙鍚夌ゥ濡
鎰忥紒 (May the Reverend Jotipala be well !) (D.II.p.231.L21,澶у吀灏婄稉)
锛楋紟鏌愪簺鍕曡浣跨敤銆岄洐鍙楄銆(double accusative)
(1) 瑷瑾嫊瑭烇細鍛婅ù鏌愪汉鏌愪簨 (call,tell,ask (somebody something) )
(2) 鎸佸彇鍕曡锛氭嬁鏌愮墿鑷虫煇铏 (take,bring (something to somewhere) )
鈥samanam attham pucchami = 鎴戝悜娌欓杸璜嬪晱娉曠京 (I ask the philosopher the
meaning)
锛橈紟琛ㄩ仈銆屼笉纰哄畾鐨勬檪闁撱(鍋氭檪闁撳壇瑭)
鈥Ekam samayam Buddho Baranasiyam viharati. = 涓鏅傦紝浣涗綇娉㈢緟濂 (Once
upon a time the Buddha lives in Baranasi.)
鈥Addhamasam agacchati. = 浠栧崐鍊嬫湀寰屾渻渚 (He comes after a fort-night.)
(娉ㄦ剰锛氭铏曚互鐝惧湪寮忚〃閬斻岀⒑瀹氭檪闁撳収鐨勬湭渚嗐鈥榲ivid future鈥锛鈥榝ixed
future time鈥)
锛欙紟鏌愪簺銆屽舰瀹硅銆嶄箣銆屼腑鎬с佸柈鏁搞佸皪鏍笺嶅彲浣溿屽壇瑭炪(n.s.Acc.)
鈥rassam passasami = 鎴戝嚭鎭煭 (I breathe out shortly.)
銆愭绱嶃戯細灏嶆牸 (accusative) 涓昏鏈夊叐椤炵敤娉曪細
1. 浣溿屽彈瑭炪嶏細(1) 涓鑸嫊浣滀箣銆岀洿鎺ュ彈瑭炪
(2) 琛屽嫊涔嬨屾柟鍚戙佺洰妯欍佺瘎鍦嶃
2. 浣溿屽壇瑭炪嶏細(1) 涓鑸壇瑭
(2) 鏅傞枔鍓
锛戯紟鍙婄墿銆佷笉鍙婄墿鍕曡鐨勭晫瀹氾細
鍙互甯朵竴鍊嬨屽嫊浣滃彈鑰呫(Patient)鐨勫嫊瑭烇紝绋辩偤銆鍙婄墿鍕曡銆(Transitive,
sakammaka)銆備笉鑳藉付鍕曚綔鍙楄呯殑鍕曡锛岀ū鐐恒涓嶅強鐗╁嫊瑭銆(Intransitive,
akammaka)銆傝屽彲浠ュ付浜屽嬪嫊浣滃彈鑰呯殑鍕曡锛屽墖绋辩偤銆闆欏強鐗╁嫊瑭銆
(Bitransitive, dvikammaka)銆
锛掞紟娉ㄦ剰浜嬮爡锛
(1) 涓瑾炶█涓綔鐐哄強鐗╁嫊瑭炵殑鍕曚綔锛屽湪鍙︿竴瑾炶█涓紝涓︿笉涓瀹氫篃浣滅偤
鍙婄墿鍕曡銆備緥濡傦紝宸村埄瑾uppajjati (< u(d)-pad,鐢熻捣) 鐐轰笉鍙婄墿鍕曡
锛屾饥瑾炶锛氥岀溇鐢熺敓璧烽欐ǎ鐨勬姹傘嶏紝宸村埄瑾炲墖瑾細鈥 Sattanam
evam iccha uppajjati 鈥 (鐪剧敓鐨勬姹傞欐ǎ鐢熻捣)銆傚洜姝わ紝蹇呴爤鐗瑰垾鐣
鎰忎笉鍚岃獮瑷涓嫊瑭炰娇鐢ㄧ繏鎱g殑宸暟銆
(2) 銆屽強鐗╄垏鍚︺嶆槸銆屽嫊瑭炪嶇殑鎬ц唱锛岃岄潪銆屽瓧鏍广嶇殑鎬ц唱銆備緥濡傦紝
鐢卞瓧鏍bhu鍙hu 鎵褰㈡垚鐨勫嫊瑭炰腑锛bhu, hu (鏈付鎺ラ牠瑭) > bha-
vati, hoti = 鏄佹湁 (to be)锛岀偤涓嶅強鐗╁嫊瑭烇紱patu(r)-bhu > patu-
bhavati = 椤従 (appear)锛(p)pa-hu > pahoti, pabhavati = 鍙兘銆佽冻
澶犮佺櫦鐢 (be able, sufficient, rise, originate) 涔熸槸涓嶅強鐗╁嫊瑭烇紱鍙
鏄悓涓瀛楁牴妲嬫垚鐨pari-bhu > paribhavati = 杓曡 (despise)锛anu-
bhu > anubhavati = 闋樼磵銆佽鍙 (experience) 鍓囩偤鍙婄墿鍕曡銆
闄勶細 |
灏嶆牸 瑾炲熬璁婂寲 涓瑕 |
(1) 姣嶉煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
buddha m. 浣 > buddh-am buddh-e
aggi m. 鐏 > agg-im agg-i
agg-ayo
agg-iyo
bhikkhu m. 姣斾笜 > bhikkh-um bhikkh-u
bhikkh-avo
----------------------------
phala n. 鏋 > phal-am phal-ani
phal-a
akkhi n. 鐪 > akkh-im akkh-ini
akkh-i
assu n. 娣 > ass-um ass-uni
ass-u
==================
kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-am kabb-a
kabb-ayo
jati f. 鐢 > jat-im jat-i
jat-iyo
nadi f. 娌 > nad-im nad-i
nad-iyo
dhenu f. 鐗$墰 > dhen-um dhen-u
dhen-uyo
jambu f. 闁绘诞妯 > jamb-um jamb-u
jamb-uyo
(2) 瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
attan m. 鑷垜 > attan-am attan-o
att-am
rajan m. 鐜 > rajan-am rajan-o
raj-am raj-a
kamman n. 妤 > kamm-am kamm-ani
kamm-a kamm-a
----------------------------
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
bhagavant m. 涓栧皧 > bhagavant-am bhagavant-o
bhagavant-e
gacchant m. 鍘 > gacchant-am gacchant-o
(ppr.) gacchant-e
----------------------------
hatthin m. 璞 > hatthin-am hatthin-o
hatth-im hatth-i
gamin n. 灏庤 > gamin-am gam-ini
gam-im gam-i
----------------------------
vacas n. 瑾 > vac-o vac-a
vac-am
----------------------------
ayus n. 澹 > ayum ay-uni
ayu ay-u
----------------------------
pitar m. 鐖 > pitar-am pitar-o
pit-um pitar-e
matar f. 姣 > matar-am matar-o
matar-e
(3) 浠e悕瑭為鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖
鍠暩
瑜囨暩
ta(d) m. 褰 > t-am t-e
n-am n-e
eta(d) m. 姝 > et-am et-e
en-am
ima(m) m. 姝 > im-am im-e
ka m. 浣 > k-am k-e
ka-ci m. 鏌 > kab-ci ke-ci
ya(d) m. 鍏 > y-am y-e
sabba m. 涓鍒 > sabb-am sabb-e
amu m. 姝 > am-um am-u
am-uyo
----------------------------
ta(d) n. 褰 > t-am t-ani
n-am n-ani
tad
eta(d) n. 姝 > et-am et-ani
etad
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
ima(m) n. 姝 > imam im-ani
idam
ka n. 浣 > k-im k-ani
ka-ci n. 鏌 > kib-ci kani-ci
ya(d) n. 鍏 > y-am y-ani
yad
sabba n. 涓鍒 > sabb-am sabb-ani
amu n. 姝 > am-um am-uni
ad-um am-u
----------------------------
ta(d) f. 褰 > t-am t-a (n-a)
t-ayo (n-ayo)
eta(d) f. 姝 > et-am et-a (et-ayo)
ima(m) f. 姝 > im-am im-a (im-ayo)
ka f. 浣 > k-am k-a (k-ayo)
ka-ci f. 鏌 > kab-ci ka-ci (kayo-ci)
ya(d) f. 鍏 > y-am y-a (y-ayo)
sabba f. 涓鍒 > sabb-am sabb-a (sabb-ayo)
amu f. 姝 > am-um am-u (am-uyo)
==================
aham 鎴 > m-am amh-e (no)
mam-am asm-e
amh-akam
tvam 浣 > t-am tumh-e (vo)
tv-am tumh-akam
v