瑾炲熀涓嶈鍓囩殑绗竴椤炲嫊瑭

灏嶆牸鐨勭敤娉 (Accusative Case)

鍙婄墿鍕曡鑸囦笉鍙婄墿鍕曡

 

 

 

澹光ц獮鍩轰笉瑕忓墖鐨勭涓椤炲嫊瑭

鏈変簺绗竴椤炲嫊瑭炵敱瑾炴牴褰㈡垚瑾炲熀鏅傛渻鏈変笉瑕忓墖璁婂寲锛岄欎簺鍕曡鍙涓

鏂锋帴瑙革紝鑷劧鑳界啛鎮夈備緥濡傦細

 

 

(p)pa-vis > pavisati 浠栭插叆 (he enters) (鐭煶绡i鏈挤鍖)

(p)phus > phusati 浠栨帴瑙搞佷粬閬斿埌 (he touches, he reaches,

he attains) (鐭煶绡u鏈挤鍖)

is > icchati 浠栨兂瑕 (he wishes, he desires)

gam > gacchati 浠栧幓 (he goes)

a-gam > agacchati 浠栦締 (he comes)

(t)tha > titthati 浠栫珯绔嬨佹寔绾屻佸仠姝 (he stands, he remains,

he stops) (閲嶈瀛楁牴)

da > dadati /deti 浠栨柦鑸 (he gives) (閲嶈瀛楁牴)

(p)pa-ha > pajahati 浠栨銆佹崹銆侀洟 (he gives up,he renounces)

(閲嶈瀛楁牴)

(p)pa-(v)vaj > pabbajati 浠栧嚭瀹 (he goes forth)

(j)jhe > jhayati 浠栫Κ鎬 (he meditates) (e > ay闀烽煶鍖)

i > eti 浠栧幓 (he goes) (鏈姞銆岃獮鍩烘瘝闊炽a )

 

瀛楁牴銆閲嶈鍓嶇疆(reduplication) 涔嬩竴鑸鍓囷細

 

(1) 瀛楁牴涔嬮枊闋瓙闊崇偤銆屽枆闊炽嶇殑锛岃畩鐐恒岄闊炽嶏紱銆屾湁姘c嶇殑锛岃畩

鐐恒岀劇姘c嶏紱姘i煶h璁婄偤j銆傚嵆锛

 

鍠夐煶锛 k kh g gh h

椤庨煶锛 c j

 

(2) 瀛楁牴涔嬨岄暦姣嶉煶銆嶅父鏈冦岀煭鍖栥(a > a) 鎴栥屽急鍖栥(a > i)

璨斥у皪鏍肩殑鐢ㄦ硶 (Accusative Case)

锛愶紟灏嶆牸鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細锛堟铏曚互-a鐐轰緥锛屽叾椁樿珛鍙冭鏈珷鏈寰屻屼竴瑕借〃銆嶏級

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

buddha m. > buddh-am buddh-e

phala n. > phal-am phal-ani

phal-e

kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-am kabb-a

kabb-ayo

 

锛戯紟浣滅偤涓诲嫊鍙(Active)鍕曡鐨勭洿鎺ュ彈瑭(direct object)

 

purisam bandhati = 浠栫秮閫欏嬩汉 (he binds the man)

samanam vadati = 浠栧皪娌欓杸瑾 (he says to the ascetic)

 

锛掞紟浣滅偤琛屽嫊(motion)鎵鍒扮殑銆岀洰妯(goal)

 

gamam pavisati = 浠栭插叆鏉戝瓙 (he enters the village)

buddham upasamkamati = 浠栧幓鎷滆í浣涢檧 (he visits Buddha)

 

锛擄紟琛ㄩ仈琛屽嫊鐨勭瘎鍦(extent)

 

maggam patipajjati = 浠栬閬 (he follows the road)

 

锛旓紟浣滅偤鍙︿竴鍙楄(accusative)鐨勮瑾(attribute)

 

khattiyo brahmanam mahamattam passati = 鍓庡笣鍒╃湅瑕嬭韩鐐哄ぇ鑷g殑濠嗙緟

(the worrior sees the priest who is the minister)

 

锛曪紟琛ㄩ仈銆岄棞鏂...浜恒佷簨銆佺墿 (with reference to)

 

tam kho pana Bhagavantam Gotamam evam kalyano kitti-saddo abbhuggato :

' Iti pi so Bhagava araham samma-sambuddho vijja-carana-sampanno sugato

loka-vidu anuttaro purisa-damma-sarathi, sattha deva-manussanam buddho

bhagava ti ' = 涓︿笖锛闂滄柤閫欎綅鍠仈鎽╀笘灏锛屾湁濡傛缇庡ソ鐨勮伈鍚嶅唬鐐

鍌虫彋锛氥岄偅灏辨槸锛岄欎綅涓栧皧鏄噳鍙椾緵椁婅(闃跨緟婕)銆佹纰哄湏婊夸箣瑕烘偀

(姝i亶瑕鸿)銆佹櫤鎱ц鐐轰箣瀹岃冻鑰(鏄庤瓒)銆佸畬鍠勪箣鎴愬氨鑰咃紙鍠勯濓級銆

涓栭枔涔嬫礊瑙h咃紙涓栭枔瑙o級銆佺暥鍙楄浼忎箣浜轰箣鐒′笂瑾垮尽鑰咃紙鐒′笂澹佽寰

涓堝か锛夈佸ぉ浜哄斧銆佷經銆佷笘灏娿嶃 (And concerning the Blessed Gotama this

fair report has been spread about : " This blessed lord is an arahant (accompli-

shed one), a fully enlightened one, perfect in true knowledge and conduct, the

well-one, knower of the worlds, incomparable trainer of persons to be tamed,

teacher of gods and humans,enlightened, blessed.") (D.I.p.49.L15-19,娌欓杸鏋

)

 

锛栵紟琛ㄧず鍟忓(greetings)鎴栬鍜(imprecations)鐨勫皪璞

 

  bhavam atthu bhavantam Jotipalam manavam = 椤樺彲鏁殑璀锋槑绔ュ瓙鍚夌ゥ濡

鎰忥紒 (May the Reverend Jotipala be well !) (D.II.p.231.L21,澶у吀灏婄稉)

 

锛楋紟鏌愪簺鍕曡浣跨敤銆岄洐鍙楄銆(double accusative)

 

(1) 瑷瑾嫊瑭烇細鍛婅ù鏌愪汉鏌愪簨 (call,tell,ask (somebody something) )

(2) 鎸佸彇鍕曡锛氭嬁鏌愮墿鑷虫煇铏 (take,bring (something to somewhere) )

 

samanam attham pucchami = 鎴戝悜娌欓杸璜嬪晱娉曠京 (I ask the philosopher the

meaning)

 

锛橈紟琛ㄩ仈銆屼笉纰哄畾鐨勬檪闁撱(鍋氭檪闁撳壇瑭)

 

Ekam samayam Buddho Baranasiyam viharati. = 涓鏅傦紝浣涗綇娉㈢緟濂 (Once

upon a time the Buddha lives in Baranasi.)

Addhamasam agacchati. = 浠栧崐鍊嬫湀寰屾渻渚 (He comes after a fort-night.)

(娉ㄦ剰锛氭铏曚互鐝惧湪寮忚〃閬斻岀⒑瀹氭檪闁撳収鐨勬湭渚嗐鈥榲ivid future鈥鈥榝ixed

future time鈥)

 

锛欙紟鏌愪簺銆屽舰瀹硅銆嶄箣銆屼腑鎬с佸柈鏁搞佸皪鏍笺嶅彲浣溿屽壇瑭炪(n.s.Acc.)

 

rassam passasami = 鎴戝嚭鎭煭 (I breathe out shortly.)

 

銆愭绱嶃戯細灏嶆牸 (accusative) 涓昏鏈夊叐椤炵敤娉曪細

 

1. 浣溿屽彈瑭炪嶏細(1) 涓鑸嫊浣滀箣銆岀洿鎺ュ彈瑭炪

(2) 琛屽嫊涔嬨屾柟鍚戙佺洰妯欍佺瘎鍦嶃

2. 浣溿屽壇瑭炪嶏細(1) 涓鑸壇瑭

(2) 鏅傞枔鍓

 

 

鍙冣у強鐗╁嫊瑭炶垏涓嶅強鐗╁嫊瑭 (Transitive and Intransitive Verbs)

锛戯紟鍙婄墿銆佷笉鍙婄墿鍕曡鐨勭晫瀹氾細

 

鍙互甯朵竴鍊嬨屽嫊浣滃彈鑰呫(Patient)鐨勫嫊瑭烇紝绋辩偤銆鍙婄墿鍕曡(Transitive,

sakammaka)銆備笉鑳藉付鍕曚綔鍙楄呯殑鍕曡锛岀ū鐐恒涓嶅強鐗╁嫊瑭(Intransitive,

akammaka)銆傝屽彲浠ュ付浜屽嬪嫊浣滃彈鑰呯殑鍕曡锛屽墖绋辩偤銆闆欏強鐗╁嫊瑭

(Bitransitive, dvikammaka)

 

锛掞紟娉ㄦ剰浜嬮爡锛

 

(1) 涓瑾炶█涓綔鐐哄強鐗╁嫊瑭炵殑鍕曚綔锛屽湪鍙︿竴瑾炶█涓紝涓︿笉涓瀹氫篃浣滅偤

鍙婄墿鍕曡銆備緥濡傦紝宸村埄瑾uppajjati (< u(d)-pad,鐢熻捣) 鐐轰笉鍙婄墿鍕曡

锛屾饥瑾炶锛氥岀溇鐢熺敓璧烽欐ǎ鐨勬姹傘嶏紝宸村埄瑾炲墖瑾細 Sattanam

evam iccha uppajjati 鈥 (鐪剧敓鐨勬姹傞欐ǎ鐢熻捣)銆傚洜姝わ紝蹇呴爤鐗瑰垾鐣

鎰忎笉鍚岃獮瑷涓嫊瑭炰娇鐢ㄧ繏鎱g殑宸暟銆

 

(2) 銆屽強鐗╄垏鍚︺嶆槸銆屽嫊瑭炪嶇殑鎬ц唱锛岃岄潪銆屽瓧鏍广嶇殑鎬ц唱銆備緥濡傦紝

鐢卞瓧鏍bhuhu 鎵褰㈡垚鐨勫嫊瑭炰腑锛bhu, hu (鏈付鎺ラ牠瑭) > bha-

vati, hoti = 鏄佹湁 (to be)锛岀偤涓嶅強鐗╁嫊瑭烇紱patu(r)-bhu > patu-

bhavati = 椤従 (appear)(p)pa-hu > pahoti, pabhavati = 鍙兘銆佽冻

澶犮佺櫦鐢 (be able, sufficient, rise, originate) 涔熸槸涓嶅強鐗╁嫊瑭烇紱鍙

鏄悓涓瀛楁牴妲嬫垚鐨pari-bhu > paribhavati = 杓曡 (despise)anu-

bhu > anubhavati = 闋樼磵銆佽鍙 (experience) 鍓囩偤鍙婄墿鍕曡銆

 

 


闄勶細

灏嶆牸 瑾炲熬璁婂寲 涓瑕

 

(1) 姣嶉煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

buddha m. > buddh-am buddh-e

aggi m. > agg-im agg-i

agg-ayo

agg-iyo

bhikkhu m. 姣斾笜 > bhikkh-um bhikkh-u

bhikkh-avo

----------------------------

phala n. > phal-am phal-ani

phal-a

akkhi n. > akkh-im akkh-ini

akkh-i

assu n. > ass-um ass-uni

ass-u

==================

kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-am kabb-a

kabb-ayo

jati f. > jat-im jat-i

jat-iyo

nadi f. > nad-im nad-i

nad-iyo

dhenu f. 鐗$墰 > dhen-um dhen-u

dhen-uyo

jambu f. 闁绘诞妯 > jamb-um jamb-u

jamb-uyo

 

(2) 瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

attan m. 鑷垜 > attan-am attan-o

att-am

rajan m. > rajan-am rajan-o

raj-am raj-a

kamman n. > kamm-am kamm-ani

kamm-a kamm-a

----------------------------

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

bhagavant m. 涓栧皧 > bhagavant-am bhagavant-o

bhagavant-e

gacchant m. > gacchant-am gacchant-o

(ppr.) gacchant-e

----------------------------

hatthin m. > hatthin-am hatthin-o

hatth-im hatth-i

gamin n. 灏庤 > gamin-am gam-ini

gam-im gam-i

----------------------------

vacas n. > vac-o vac-a

vac-am

----------------------------

ayus n. > ayum ay-uni

ayu ay-u

----------------------------

pitar m. > pitar-am pitar-o

pit-um pitar-e

matar f. > matar-am matar-o

matar-e

 

(3) 浠e悕瑭為鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

ta(d) m. > t-am t-e

n-am n-e

eta(d) m. > et-am et-e

en-am

ima(m) m. > im-am im-e

ka m. > k-am k-e

ka-ci m. > kab-ci ke-ci

ya(d) m. > y-am y-e

sabba m. 涓鍒 > sabb-am sabb-e

amu m. > am-um am-u

am-uyo

----------------------------

ta(d) n. > t-am t-ani

n-am n-ani

tad

eta(d) n. > et-am et-ani

etad

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

ima(m) n. > imam im-ani

idam

ka n. > k-im k-ani

ka-ci n. > kib-ci kani-ci

ya(d) n. > y-am y-ani

yad

sabba n. 涓鍒 > sabb-am sabb-ani

amu n. > am-um am-uni

ad-um am-u

----------------------------

ta(d) f. > t-am t-a (n-a)

t-ayo (n-ayo)

eta(d) f. > et-am et-a (et-ayo)

ima(m) f. > im-am im-a (im-ayo)

ka f. > k-am k-a (k-ayo)

ka-ci f. > kab-ci ka-ci (kayo-ci)

ya(d) f. > y-am y-a (y-ayo)

sabba f. 涓鍒 > sabb-am sabb-a (sabb-ayo)

amu f. > am-um am-u (am-uyo)

==================

aham > m-am amh-e (no)

mam-am asm-e

amh-akam

tvam > t-am tumh-e (vo)

tv-am tumh-akam

v