绗竴椤炲嫊瑭 (First Conjugation)
鐝惧湪寮 (Present Tense)
-a 绲愬熬鐨勭敺鎬у悕瑭 (Masculine Nouns in -a)
涓绘牸鐨勭敤娉 (Nominative Case)
瑾炶闋嗗簭 (Word Order)
(1) 鍕曡涓夊爆鎬э細鏅傛厠/瑾炴厠/瑾炴埃 (Tense/Voice/Mood)銆佷汉绋(Person)銆
鏁(Number)銆
(2) 绗竴椤炲嫊瑭炵殑妲嬫垚锛
|
(鎺ラ牠瑭) + 瀛楁牴'
+ a + 鍕曡瑾炲熬 (ti绛) 鈫 瑾炲熀
<瀛楁牴> <鎺ュ熬瑭> |
锛 锛 鈫 鈫
琛ㄩ仈锛 <鎰忕京>
<椤炲垾/鏅傛厠/瑾炴厠> <鏅傛厠/瑾炴埃銆佷汉绋便佹暩>
銆愭敞銆戯細銆屽瓧鏍'銆嶈〃绀恒屽瓧鏍鈥缍撴煇绋畩鍖鈥銆嶏紝閫氬父鏄岄噸闊冲寲銆(guna)
锛屽嵆锛 i / i > a + i / i > e 鎴 ay
u / u > a + u / u > o 鎴 av
涓鑸鍙湁瀛楁牴鐨i,u寰屾帴0鎴1鍊嬪瓙闊筹紝鎴i,u 寰屾帴0鍊嬪瓙闊虫檪鎵嶅挤鍖栥
(3) 鐩磋娉曠従鍦ㄥ紡鐨勫嫊瑭炶獮灏
|
< bhu > |
sg. |
pl. |
|
3rd. |
bhav-a-ti (浠栨槸) |
bhav-a-nti (浠栧戞槸) |
|
2nd. |
bhav-a-si (浣犳槸) |
bhav-a-tha (浣犲戞槸) |
|
1st. |
bhav-a-mi (鎴戞槸) |
bhav-a-ma (鎴戝戞槸) |
(1) 鏈挤鍖栧瓧鏍圭殑
jiv > jiv + a + ti > jivati 浠栨椿钁椼侀亷娲 (he lives, he is alive,
he makes a living)
pass > pass + a + ti > passati 浠栫湅瑕 (he sees)
bhas > bhas + a + ti > bhasati 浠栬 (he says, he speaks)
vad > vad + a + ti > vadati 浠栬 (he says)
har > har + a + ti > harati 浠栨嬁 (he takes)
(2) 寮峰寲瀛楁牴鐨
cu > cav + a + ti > cavati 浠栨浜 (he falls)
bhu > bhav + a + ti > bhavati 浠栨槸銆佹湁 (he is, there exists)
hu > ho + a + ti > hoti 浠栨槸銆佹湁 (he/there is) ( o < ava)
(3) 甯舵帴闋鐨
upa-sam-(k)kam > upasamkamati 浠栧幓銆佸線瑭 (he goes to,approaches)
(p)pa-(k)kam > pakkamati 浠栭洟鍘 (he goes away)
ni-sid > nisidati 浠栧潗涓 (he sits down)
a-har > aharati 浠栨嬁渚 (he brings)
銆鎺ラ牠瑭炶鏄銆戯細
鈥upa- 鏈夈岃繎銆侀毃锛屽壇銆(up to, towards;little,secondary)绛夌京銆
鈥 sam- 鏈夈屽叡銆侀泦锛屾锛岀瓑锛岄亶(寮锋剰)銆(together; correct; same;
thoroughly (intensive) ) 绛夌京銆
鈥(p)pa- 鏈夈岄洟锛岄诧紝鍓嶏紝(寮锋剰)銆(out,away; forth,forward; before;
(intensive) ) 绛夌京銆
鈥 ni- 鏈夈屼笅銆(down)涔嬬京锛涘彟澶栵紝ni(r)- 鍓囩偤銆岄洟銆佸弽銆佺劇銆(
away from, opposite, without) 涔嬬京銆
鈥a- 鏈夈屽弽韬紝寰銆佽嚦銆(reflexive; forth, out , to, toward) 涔嬬京銆
銆hu 鑸 bhu 鐨勬瘮杓銆戯細
1. 妲嬮狅細hoti 鐐 bhavati 涔嬨屽急瑾炲瀷銆嶃( h < bh, o < ava)
2. 浣跨敤鏅傛锛氱従鍦ㄥ紡鏁f枃涓鑸敤 hoti锛岃┅闋屽父鐢 bhavati銆傚叾瀹冩檪
鎱嬫湁鐨勫彧鐢 bhu (濡傛湭渚嗗紡 bhavissati)锛屾湁鐨勫彧鐢 hu (濡傞亷鍘诲紡
ahosi)銆
鍘熷舰 (a + -) 寮峰寲褰 (a + -) 闀峰寲褰
姣嶉煶 Zero (0) 鈫 Strong (1,guna) 鈫 Lengthened (2,vuddhi)
(1) a/a锛 a/a a/a (涓嶈畩) a
(2) i/i 锛 i/i e (=a+詈) 鎴 ay e (=a+詈) 鎴 ay
(3) u/u锛 u/u o (=a+詈) 鎴 av o (=a+詈) 鎴 av
(4) e/o锛氬挤鍖(Strengthened)銆侀暦鍖(Lengthened) 涔嬪緦閭勬槸銆e/o銆嶃
鈥
銆闄勮銆戯細绗竴椤炲嫊瑭炪屽瓧鏍 > 瀛楁牴'銆嶇殑璁婂寲鍘熷墖
鍦ㄦ煇浜涙儏娉佸皪銆屽瓧鏍规瘝闊(Root Vowel)銆嶄綔銆屽挤鍖(Strengthen)銆嶏細
(0) 瀛楁牴姣嶉煶鐐 a,a,e,o 鏅備笉璁婏紝鐐 i/u/i/u
鏅備緷浠ヤ笅鍘熷墖鐐轰箣銆
(1) i + 0鎴1鍊嬪瓙闊 > e (鑰屽緦
e + a > aya )
u + 0鎴1鍊嬪瓙闊
> o (鑰屽緦
o + a > ava )
(2) i + 0鍊嬪瓙闊 > e (鑰屽緦
e + a > aya )
u
+ 0鍊嬪瓙闊 > o (鑰屽緦
o + a > ava )
(0) 琛ㄧず銆岀従鍦ㄧ殑鍕曚綔銆嶃佹弿杩般岀従鍦ㄧ殑浜嬪銆嶃
(1) 琛ㄧず銆岄潪鐗瑰畾鏅傞枔銆(Indefinite Time)鎴栥岄潪闂滄檪闁撱(Timeless)
鐨勬晿杩(渚嬪鏅亶鐨勭湡鐞)銆
(2) 琛ㄧず銆屽嵆杩戠殑鏈締銆(Immediate Future)銆
(3) 琛ㄧず銆岄亷鍘/姝峰彶涓殑鐝惧湪銆(Past/Historic Present)銆
(4) 琛ㄧず銆岀⒑瀹氥佹湁闄愭檪闁撶殑鏈締銆(Fixed Future Time)鏈冨仛鐨勫嫊浣溿
(1) 宸村埄瑾炲彞瀛愪腑锛屼笉涓瀹氶渶瑕佷汉绋变唬鍚嶈锛堝洜鐐哄嫊瑭炴湰韬凡鍙〃閬
浜虹ū锛夈
(2) 鑻ヤ娇鐢ㄦ檪锛岄氬父绗笁浜虹ū(sa)琛ㄧず銆岀ū浠e墠闈㈡彁鍒扮殑鍚嶈銆嶏紱鑰岀
涓銆浜屼汉绋(ahaj,tvaj)鍓囪〃閬斻岀壒鍒ュ挤瑾挎浜虹ū銆嶃傚锛
鈥ahaj vadami (鎴戣) 鈹鈹鈹鈹攢 寮疯涓昏(浜虹ū)
鈥tvaj vadasi (浣犺) 鈹鈹鈹鈹
鈥so vadati (浠栬) 鈹鈹鈹鈹鈹 绋变唬鍓嶈堪鍚嶈
-a 绲愬熬鐨勭敺鎬у瓧銆屼富鏍煎柈鏁搞嶈獮灏剧偤 -o锛屼互涓嬫槸涓浜涗緥瀛愶細
upasako 鍎﹩濉炪佺敺鍦ㄥ寮熷瓙 (lay disciple) ( < upa-as 杩-鍧)
kayo 韬佺墿璩 (body,substance)
khattiyo 鍓庡笣鍒┿佺帇鏃 (warrior,noble)
gamo 鏉戙佽仛钀 (village)
tathagato 濡備締 (thus-gone) ( < tatha-(a)-gato 濡-渚/鍘)
devo 澶┿佺銆佸湅鐜 (god,king - respectful address)
putto 鍏掑瓙 (son)
puriso 浜恒佺敺瀛愩佸+澶 (man,person)
brahmano 濠嗙緟闁 (priest,brahman,brahmin)
maggo 閬撱佽矾銆佹柟娉 (path,road,way)
manusso 浜(椤) (human being,person)
amanusso 闈炰汉 (non-human being) (鎺ラ牠瑭 a- 琛ㄥ惁瀹)
mahamatto 澶ц嚕 (minister)
loko 涓栭枔銆佹湁鎯呫佺敓鐣 (word,people,universe)
samano 娌欓杸銆佷慨琛岃 (ascetic,wanderer,philosopher) ( < wram 鍘)
samayo 鏅傘佹檪鍊欍佹檪姗熴佹檪鏈 (a time,occasion -- any time, time of
an event)
锛愶紟涓绘牸鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細锛堟铏曚互-a鐐轰緥锛屽叾椁樿珛鍙冭鏈珷鏈寰屻屼竴瑕借〃銆嶏級
鍠暩
瑜囨暩
buddha m. 浣 > buddh-o buddh-a
phala n. 鏋 > phal-am phal-ani
phal-a
kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-a kabb-a
kabb-ayo
锛戯紟浣滀富鍕曞彞(Active) 鐨勪富瑭(Subject)锛嶏紞鍕曚綔鑰(Agent)
鈥brahmano passati = 濠嗙緟闁鐪嬭 (the priest sees)
锛掞紟浣滀富瑭(Subject)鐨勮瑾(Complement)
(1) 鏈 Be 鍕曡鐨勬儏娉
鈥brahmano mahamatto hoti = 濠嗙緟闁鏄嬪ぇ鑷 (the priest is a
minister)
(2) 鐪佺暐 Be 鍕曡鐨勬儏娉
鈥 eso samano = 浠栨槸娌欓杸 (this/he is the philosopher)
(3) 浣溿屽悓浣嶈獮銆嶏紝鐩存帴淇>涓昏
鈥brahmano mahamatto passati = 韬偤澶ц嚕鐨勫﹩缇呴杸鐪嬭 (the priest
(who is) the minister sees)
锛擄紟浣溿屽線瑭g祼妲嬨(visit construction)鐨勩屽皪璞°(somebody or someplace)
鈥yena mahamatto tena upasamkamati = 浠栧幓鎷滆í澶ц嚕 (he visits the
minister)
鈥yena gamo tena upasamkamati = 浠栧埌鏉戝瓙鍘 (he goes to the village)
锛旓紟浣溿屽紩铏 (ti)銆 鎵寮曠ū鐨勩屽柈瑭炲収瀹广
鈥kayo ti = 銆岃韩銆('body')
锛戯紟涓鑸爢搴忕偤锛 鍕曚綔浣滆 --- 淇>瑾 ---- 鍕曚綔鍙楄 ---- 鍕曚綔
(agent) (attribute) (patient) (action)
<涓诲嫊鍙> 涓昏 Nom. 鍙楄 Acc. 鍕曡
渚嬶細娌欓杸鐬挎泧灏嶈濠嗙緟闁瑾
-- Samano Gotamo brahmane vadati
涓昏Nom. 涓昏鍚屼綅瑾 鍙楄 Acc.pl. 鍕曡
锛掞紟瑾炶闋嗗簭鑸囥屾枃娉曘嶇劇闂滐紝鍙垏銆岀繏鎱c嶆湁闂溿
闄勶細 |
涓绘牸 瑾炲熬璁婂寲 涓瑕 |
(1) 姣嶉煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
buddha m. 浣 > buddh-o buddh-a
buddh-ase
aggi m. 鐏 > agg-i agg-i
agg-ayo
agg-iyo
bhikkhu m. 姣斾笜 > bhikkh-u bhikkh-u
bhikkh-avo
----------------------------
phala n. 鏋 > phal-am phal-ani
phal-a
akkhi n. 鐪 > akkh-im akkh-ini
akkh-i akkh-i
assu n. 娣 > ass-um ass-uni
ass-u ass-u
==================
kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-a kabb-a
kabb-ayo
jati f. 鐢 > jat-i jat-i
jat-iyo
nadi f. 娌 > nad-i nad-i
nad-iyo
dhenu f. 鐗$墰 > dhen-u dhen-u
dhen-uyo
jambu f. 闁绘诞妯 > jamb-u jamb-u
jamb-uyo
(2) 瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
attan m. 鑷垜 > att-a attan-o
att-a
rajan m. 鐜 > raj-a rajan-o
rabb-o raj-a
kamman n. 妤 > kamm-am kamm-ani
kamm-a kamm-a
---------------------------- 鍠暩 瑜囨暩
bhagavant m. 涓栧皧 > bhagav-a bhagavant-o
bhagavant-o bhagavant-a
gacchant m. 鍘 > gacch-am gacchant-o
(ppr.) gacchant-o gacchant-a
----------------------------
hatthin m. 璞 > hatth-i hatthin-o
hatth-i hatth-i
gamin n. 灏庤 > gam-i gam-ini
gam-i
----------------------------
vacas n. 瑾 > vac-o vac-a
vac-a
----------------------------
ayus n. 澹 > ayum ay-uni
ayu ay-u
----------------------------
pitar m. 鐖 > pit-a pitar-o
matar f. 姣 > mat-a matar-o
mat-a
(3) 浠e悕瑭為鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
ta(d) m. 褰 > so t-e
sa n-e
eta(d) m. 姝 > eso et-e
esa
ima(m) m. 姝 > ayam im-e
ka m. 浣 > k-o k-e
ka-ci m. 鏌 > ko-ci ke-ci
ya(d) m. 鍏 > y-o y-e
sabba m. 涓鍒 > sabb-o sabb-e
amu m. 姝 > am-u am-u
as-u am-uyo
----------------------------
ta(d) n. 褰 > t-am t-ani
n-am n-ani
tad
eta(d) n. 姝 > et-am et-ani
etad
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
ima(m) n. 姝 > imam im-ani
idam
ka n. 浣 > k-im k-ani
ka-ci n. 鏌 > kib-ci kani-ci
ya(d) n. 鍏 > y-am y-ani
yad
sabba n. 涓鍒 > sabb-am sabb-ani
amu n. 姝 > am-um am-uni
ad-um am-u
----------------------------
ta(d) f. 褰 > sa t-a (n-a)
t-ayo (n-ayo)
eta(d) f. 姝 > esa et-a (et-ayo)
ima(m) f. 姝 > ayam im-a (im-ayo)
ka f. 浣 > k-a k-a (k-ayo)
ka-ci f. 鏌 > ka-ci ka-ci (kayo-ci)
ya(d) f. 鍏 > y-a y-a (y-ayo)
sabba f. 涓鍒 > sabb-a sabb-a (sabb-ayo)
amu f. 姝 > as-u am-u (am-uyo)
==================
aham 鎴 > aham mayam (no)
amh-e
tvam 浣 > tvam tumh-e (vo)
v