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(1) INTRODUCTION TO PALI, by A.K.Warder,1995, 3rd. (P.T.S.)
(2)銆婂反鍒╂枃娉曘嬫按閲庡紭鍏 钁/瑷辨磱涓 璀 (涓栫晫浣涘鍚嶈憲璀彚5/鑿畤)
(3) A PALI GRAMMAR, by Wilhelm Geiger (English Trans.), 1994, Pali
Text Society (P.T.S.).
(4)Grammatik des Pali, by von Achim Fahs, 1989, VEB Verlag
Enzykloprdie leipzig,.
鈥ц经鍏
(1)銆餄锛餅瑾飼鍏搞嬫按閲庡紭鍏 钁 (鏄ョ绀)
(2)PALI ENGLISH DICTIONARY, by T.W. Rhys Davids & William
Stede, 1986, Pali Text Society (P.T.S.)
璜嬪弮鑰冧笂鍒椼婂反鍒╂枃娉曘嬬涓绔犺嚦绗笁绔狅紝鍙婇檮閷(I)(II)銆
(1) 澶у宸茬緟棣寲锛岄柋璁瀹规槗銆
(2) 瀛楅枔閫i煶(Sandhi)銆佽鍚(Compound)鎯呮硜杓冨皯锛屾柗瑭炲鏄銆
(3) 杈吀鏄撴煡(鏈夎嫳銆佹饥缇╋紝涓嶇敤瀛楁牴)锛岀敤娉曡鏄庤┏绱般
(4) 瑭炵京鍧囩偤浣涙暀鐢ㄧ京锛岃Κ鍒囨槗瑙c
(5) 鏂囩嵒璞愬瘜锛屼甫鏈夊悇鍦嬭鏈彲璩囧弮鑰冿紝闀锋湡鑷慨鏂逛究銆
(1) 涓婂鏈燂細鏂囨硶銆佺繏椤岀偤涓伙紝閰嶅悎缍撳彞銆佺稉鏂囨钀介伕璁銆
(2) 涓嬪鏈燂細鏂囨硶鎺′富椤屽紡浠嬬垂锛岄厤鍚堝畬鏁寸稉鏂囬柋璁銆
(0) 涓嶅湪澶氾紝涓嶅湪蹇紝鑰屽湪纰哄銆
(1) 瑾插墠闋愮繏銆
(2) 瑾蹭腑妾㈣瓑銆佹緞娓呫
(3) 瑾插緦瑜囩繏銆佹暣鐞嗐佹秷鍖栥
(4) 纰哄绶寸繏(缈掗)銆
鈼 缇呴Μ鍖栧瓧姣嶈垏鐧奸煶(Romanized script and
Its Pronunciation)
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鍒 鐧 闊 椤 浣 缃 |
姣嶉煶(Vowels) |
瀛 闊 (Consonants) |
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鍠瘝闊 鐭/闀 |
闆欐瘝闊 Diphthongs |
闃诲闊 Stops 榧婚煶 Nasals |
姘i煶銆佸崐姣嶉煶绛 Aspirate,Semivowels |
鎿﹂煶 Sibilants |
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1.鍠夐煶Gutturals |
a a |
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k kh g gh v |
h (姘i煶) |
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2.椤庨煶Palatals |
i i |
e |
c ch j jh b |
y (鍗婃瘝闊) |
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3.鎹茶垖闊Cerebrals |
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t th d dh n |
r , l (娴侀煶) |
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4.榻掗煶Dentals |
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t th d dh n |
l (娴闊) |
s |
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5.鍞囬煶Labials |
u u |
o |
p ph b bh m |
v (鍗婃瘝闊) |
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鈻 闅ㄩ熁 (Anusvara / Niggahita / Pure Nasal) m |
銆愭敞銆戯細1. 闃诲闊(濉為煶鍙婂鎿﹂煶锛mutes/stops)涓紝甯 h 鐨勭偤銆屾湁姘
闊(Aspirate)銆嶏紝鍏堕鐐恒岀劇姘i煶(Non-aspirate)銆嶃
2. 鎵鏈夊瓧姣嶄腑锛岄櫎k琛(k,c,t,t,p)銆kh琛(kh,ch,th,th,ph) 鍙婃摝
闊s 鐐恒岀劇鑱查煶(Voiceless)銆嶅锛屽叾椁樼殕鐐恒屾湁鑱查煶(Voiced)銆嶃
(瑗挎柟瀛歌呭皣h姝告柤鐒¤伈闊筹紝鍗板害瀛歌呭墖灏囦箣姝告柤鏈夎伈闊炽)
3. 鐭瘝闊炽屼竴闊抽暦銆嶏紝闀锋瘝闊炽屼簩闊抽暦銆嶏紝闆欐瘝闊e / o鍙兘
銆屼竴闊抽暦銆嶆垨銆屼簩闊抽暦銆嶃
鈼 闅ㄩ熁(Anusvara / niggahita) m 鐐轰竴闁嬪彛榧婚煶锛岃畝娉曞涓嬶細
(1) 鍦ㄥ瓧灏撅紝寰屾帴姣嶉煶鎴栧攪闊抽枊闋殑瀛楋紝鏈夋檪璁 m 锛屽锛
鈥tam aham > tam aham
鈥tam pi > tam pi
鈥kim eva > kim eva
鈥kim mabbasi > kim mabbasi
鈥 涔熸湁鎺ュ叾浠栧瓙闊宠岃畝m鐨勶紝濡傦細
tam kissa hetu > tam kissa hetu
(2) 鍦ㄥ瓧涓墖渚濅笅鍒楀師鍓囩偤涔嬶細
(a)
鎺ュ瓙闊筹細瑕栨帴鍦ㄤ綍绋瓙闊(鍠夈侀銆佹嵅鑸屻侀綊銆佸攪闊)涔嬪墠锛
鍗宠畝鎴愯┎绋瓙闊(浜﹀嵆锛岃┎鐧奸煶閮ㄤ綅)鐩告噳涔嬮蓟闊筹紝濡傦細
鈥sam-gha > savgha
鈥sam-dhi > sandhi
鈥pam-ca > pabca
鈥 sam-bodhi > sambodhi
(b) 鎺ュ崐姣嶉煶(y,v)銆佹祦闊(r,l,l)銆佹摝闊(s)銆佹埃闊(h)锛氫笉璁婏紝濡傦細
鈥 sam-yutta, sam-raga, sam-sara, sam-hara
(c) 鎺ユ瘝闊筹細璁婃垚 m锛屽锛sam-a-dhi > samadhi
(1) 闊崇瘈锛氭瘡涓闊崇瘈鍚竴姣嶉煶涓旈氬父浠ユ瘝闊崇祼灏撅紝浣嗚嫢姣嶉煶寰屾帴銆岄洐
瀛愰煶銆嶆檪锛屽墖瑭查煶绡浠ュ瓙闊崇祼灏俱傚锛
A-nan-da, vi-ha-ra-ti, duk-kha, sam-yut-ta
鍙堬紝浠ャ屾瘝闊炽嶇祼灏剧殑闊崇瘈锛岀ū鐐恒岄枊闊崇瘈銆(Open syllable)锛
濡 vi / ha / ra / ti绛夈備互銆屽瓙闊炽嶇祼灏捐呰瑐涔嬨岄枆闊崇瘈銆(Close
syllable)锛屽nan / duk / sam / yut 绛夈
(2) 闊抽暦鑸囬噸闊崇瘈
A.銆愰暦闊崇瘈 Long Syllable銆 鏄寚銆岄煶闀枫嶅ぇ鏂兼垨绛夋柤2鐨勯煶绡銆備竴
鑸岃█鏈変互涓嬩簩绋儏褰細(1) 鍚岄暦姣嶉煶銆嶆垨銆岄洐姣嶉煶銆嶇殑銆岄枊
闊崇瘈銆(濡A-nan-da 涔A锛ka-ro-ti涔ro ) 鎴 (2) 鍚岀煭姣嶉煶銆
鐨勩岄枆闊崇瘈銆(濡A-nan-da涔nan銆duk-kha涔duk銆sam-yut-ta
涔sam鍙yut)銆
B. 涓鍊嬭獮瑭(Word) 鐨勩愰噸闊崇瘈銆戜綅鏂硷細
(1) 鑻ヨ┎瑭炵殑銆屽掓暩绗簩闊崇瘈銆嶇偤闀烽煶绡锛屽墖瑭茶檿鍗虫槸銆傚惁鍓囷紝
(2) 鑻ヨ┎瑭炵殑銆屽掓暩绗笁闊崇瘈銆嶇偤闀烽煶绡锛屽墖瑭茶檿鍗虫槸銆傚惁鍓囷紝
鍐嶅線鍓嶉鎺紙鍗筹紝鐪嬨屽掓暩绗洓闊崇瘈銆嶇瓑绛夛級銆
C. 鑸変緥锛 ku-'ma-ra bha-'van-ti gan-'dhab-ba 'ma-nu-ja
(1) 姣嶉煶锛氬柈 [a,a /i,i /u,u], 闆 [e/o]
(2) 瀛愰煶锛
(0) 闅ㄩ熁Pure Nasal --- m
(1) 鍠夐煶 Gutturals --- k kh g gh v
(2) 椤庨煶 Palatals --- c ch j jh b
(3) 鎹茶垖闊 Cerebrals -- t th d dh n
(4) 榻掗煶 Dentals --- t th d dh n
(5) 鍞囬煶 Labials --- p ph b bh m
(3) 鍗婃瘝闊崇瓑Semivowel,etc.锛 y , r , l , l , v
(4) 鎿﹂煶Sibilant 锛s
(5) 姘i煶 Aspirate锛h
渚嬶細璜嬪湪杈吀涓壘鍑轰互涓嬭獮瑭烇細 pabba, savgha, dassati 銆
(0) 瑾炶(Word)銆佸彞瀛(Sentence)銆佹枃绔(Text)鑸囨暀缇╃郴绲
鈥т竴鍊嬭獮瑭(Word)鐨勭簿纰鸿獮鎰忓彇姹烘柤瀹冩墍鍦ㄧ殑鍙ュ瓙锛屼竴鍊嬪彞瀛
(Sentence)鐨勭簿纰鸿獮鎰忓彇姹烘柤鍏跺墠寰屾枃(Context)锛岃屼竴绡囩稉鏂
(Text)鐨勭簿纰烘剰缇╁墖鍙栨焙鏂兼暣鍊嬫暀缇╃郴绲便
(1) 瑾炶鐨勬鎴愶細宸村埄瑾炵殑銆岃獮瑭炪嶇敱浠ヤ笅骞鹃儴浠芥鎴愩
[鎺ラ牠瑭(Prefix)] + 瀛楁牴鈥 + 鎺ュ熬瑭(Suffix) + 瑾炲熬璁婂寲(Ending)
(涓嶄竴瀹氭湁) 鈫 瑾炲熀(Stem) (鍚嶈璁婂寲Inflection,
瀛楁牴(Root) 鍕曡璁婂寲Conjugation)
渚嬶細 agacchati (a-gacch-a-ti < gam) 浠栦締 (he comes)
sandhatar (sam-dha-tar < dha ) 鍜屽悎鑰 (peace maker)
samadhi (sam-a-dha < dha) 涓夋懇鍦般佸畾 (concentration)
(2) 瑾炶鐨勭ó椤(渚濊鎬у垎)
(a) 鍚嶈 (Noun)
(b) 鍕曡 (Verb)
(c) 涓嶈畩鍖栬 (Indeclinable)锛氬寘鎷f帴瑭炪佸壇瑭炵瓑銆
(d) 鎺ラ牠瑭 (Prefix)
(3) 瑾炶鐨勫爆鎬(Attribute)
鈻 鍕曡鐨勪笁灞э細鏅傛厠/瑾炴厠/瑾炴埃(Tense/Voice/Mood)銆佷汉绋
(Person)銆佹暩(Number)銆
鈻 鍚嶈鐨勪笁灞э細鎬(Gender)銆佹暩(Number)銆佹牸(Case) (褰㈠瑭
浜﹀悓)銆
鈻 涓嶈畩鍖栬銆佹帴闋锛氱劇灞
鈥 鍙ヤ腑銆屽郊姝ょ浉闂滀箣瑾炶銆嶅叾灞ч爤涓鑷淬傚锛氫富瑭炶垏鍕曡涔嬨
浜虹ū銆佹暩銆嶉爤鐩稿悓锛屽舰瀹硅鑸囧叾鎵淇>鐨勫悕瑭炪屾с佹暩銆佹牸銆
闋堜竴鑷淬
(a) 鏅傛厠/瑾炴厠/瑾炴埃(Tense/Voice/Mood)锛
鈥х従鍦ㄦ檪銆侀亷鍘绘檪銆佹湭渚嗘檪 (Present, Past(Aorist), Future)銆
鈥т富鍕曞紡銆佽鍕曞紡銆佷娇褰瑰紡 (Active, Passive, Causative)銆
鈥鐩磋娉曘佸懡浠ゆ硶銆佸彲鑳/椤樻湜娉 (Indicative, Imperative,
Potential/Optative)銆
(b) 浜虹ū(Person)锛
鏈夌涓浜虹ū(First Person)銆佺浜屼汉绋(Second Person)銆佺涓変汉
绋(Third Person)绛変笁绋汉绋便
(c) 鎬(Gender)锛
鏈夌敺鎬(Masculine)銆佷腑鎬(Neuter)銆佸コ鎬(Feminine)绛変笁绋
鍒ャ
(d) 鏁(Number)锛
鏈夊柈鏁(Singular)銆佽鏁(Plural) 绛変簩绋暩銆
(e) 鏍(Case)锛氭湁浠ヤ笅鍏ó鏍笺
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鍚 绋 |
涓 鑸 浣 鐢 |
椤 浼 |
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1. 涓绘牸 2. 灏嶆牸(妤牸 銆佸彈鏍) 3. 鍏锋牸 4. 鐐烘牸(鑸囨牸) 5. 寰炴牸(濂牸) 6. 灞牸 7. 浣嶆牸(铏曟牸銆 鏂兼牸銆佷緷鏍) 8. 鍛兼牸 |
Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Vocative |
涓昏 鐩存帴鍙楄銆(鏅傞枔)鍓 宸ュ叿銆佹柟寮 闁撴帴鍙楄銆佺洰鐨 渚嗘簮銆佸師鍥犮佹瘮杓冨皪璞 鎵灞棞淇 铏曟墍銆佹檪闁撱侀棞鏂~ 绋卞懠瑾 |
to by,with,through,in to,for from,due to,than of,among in,on,at,about |
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(4) 瑾炶鐨勪綔鐢
(a) 鍙〃绀恒屽嫊浣溿(Action)锛屽锛氫富鍕曞彞鍕曡銆佽鍕曞彞鍕曡銆
(b) 鍙〃绀恒屼綔鑰呫(Agent)锛屽锛氫富鍕曞彞涓昏(涓绘牸)銆佽鍕曞彞宸ュ叿
(鍏锋牸)銆
(c) 鍙〃绀恒屽彈鑰呫(Patient)锛屽锛氫富鍕曞彞鍙楄(妤牸)銆佽鍕曞彞涓
瑭(涓绘牸)銆
(5) Be 鍕曡涔嬬渷鐣ワ細鍦ㄥ反鍒╄獮涓紝甯告湁鐪佺暐 Be 鍕曡鐨勬儏娉侊紝濡傦細
鈥eso samano = 浠栨槸娌欓杸 (this/he is the ascetic)
鈥 subbo loko subbo loko ti vuccati = 鎵璎傘屼笘闁撴槸绌猴紒涓栭枔鏄┖锛併
( ' void is the world ! void is the world ! ' is the saying)
鈻 浣滄キ
锛愶紟璜嬪弽瑕嗚伣銆佽畝銆岄檮閷B锛庣櫦闊崇反缈掋嶏紝鐔熸倝宸村埄瑾炵櫦闊炽
锛戯紟璜嬪鍑哄反鍒╄獮瀛楁瘝涔嬫墍鏈夈岄鍒ャ嶏紙濡傦細鍠瘝闊炽侀洐姣嶉煶銆侀蓟闊炽佸崐姣嶉煶銆佹摝闊炽鈥︹绛夛級鍙婂悇椤炲寘鍚箣瀛楁瘝銆
锛掞紟璜嬩緷銆岀櫦闊抽儴浣嶃嶅垪鍑烘墍鏈夊瓧姣嶃
锛擄紟鍝簺瀛楁瘝鏄屾湁鑱层嶉煶锛熷摢浜涙槸銆岀劇鑱层嶉煶锛熷摢浜涙槸銆屾湁姘c嶉煶锛熷摢浜涙槸銆岀劇姘c嶉煶锛熷摢浜涙槸銆屾嵅鑸屻嶉煶锛
锛旓紟璜嬭鏄庛屽柈姣嶉煶銆侀洐姣嶉煶涔嬮棞淇傘嶅強銆屾瘝闊炽佸崐姣嶉煶涔嬮棞淇傘嶃
锛曪紟璜嬭鏄庛岄毃闊汇(Anusvara / niggahita) 涔嬭畝娉曘
锛栵紟璜嬪垎鍑轰互涓嬪柈瑭炰箣銆岄煶绡銆嶏紝涓︽寚鍑哄悇闊崇瘈涔嬨岄煶闀枫嶅強鍠銆岄噸闊炽嶆墍鍦ㄣ
upasavkamati aharati nisidati
mahamatta brahmana pahamsati
锛楋紟璜嬪湪瀛楀吀涓煡鍑轰笂椤屼箣鍠锛屼甫瀵嚭鍏惰缇┿
锛橈紟瑭﹁垑渚嬭鏄庡反鍒╄獮瑾炶鐨勬鎴愭柟寮忥紵
锛欙紟宸村埄瑾炲嫊瑭炪佸悕瑭炲悇鏈夊摢浜涘爆鎬э紵瑾炶灞у湪鏂囨硶涓婄殑浣滅敤鐐轰綍锛