(INTRODUCTION)

澹广佸墠瑷

锛戯紟鍙冭冩浉

 

(1) INTRODUCTION TO PALI, by A.K.Warder,1995, 3rd. (P.T.S.)

(2)銆婂反鍒╂枃娉曘嬫按閲庡紭鍏 /瑷辨磱涓 (涓栫晫浣涘鍚嶈憲璀彚5/鑿畤)

(3) A PALI GRAMMAR, by Wilhelm Geiger (English Trans.), 1994, Pali

Text Society (P.T.S.).

(4)Grammatik des Pali, by von Achim Fahs, 1989, VEB Verlag

Enzykloprdie leipzig,.

 

鈥ц经鍏

 

(1)鍏搞嬫按閲庡紭鍏 (鏄ョ绀)

(2)PALI ENGLISH DICTIONARY, by T.W. Rhys Davids & William
Stede, 1986, Pali Text Society (P.T.S.)

 

锛掞紟宸村埄瑾炰箣璧锋簮銆佸反鍒╀經鏁欑爺绌跺彶鍙婄浉闂滄枃鐛伙細

 

璜嬪弮鑰冧笂鍒椼婂反鍒╂枃娉曘嬬涓绔犺嚦绗笁绔狅紝鍙婇檮閷(I)(II)

 

 

锛擄紟鏄撳鐨勮獮瑷

 

(1) 澶у宸茬緟棣寲锛岄柋璁瀹规槗銆

(2) 瀛楅枔閫i煶(Sandhi)銆佽鍚(Compound)鎯呮硜杓冨皯锛屾柗瑭炲鏄

(3) 杈吀鏄撴煡(鏈夎嫳銆佹饥缇╋紝涓嶇敤瀛楁牴)锛岀敤娉曡鏄庤┏绱般

(4) 瑭炵京鍧囩偤浣涙暀鐢ㄧ京锛岃Κ鍒囨槗瑙c

(5) 鏂囩嵒璞愬瘜锛屼甫鏈夊悇鍦嬭鏈彲璩囧弮鑰冿紝闀锋湡鑷慨鏂逛究銆

 

 

锛旓紟瑾茬▼閫茶鏂瑰紡

(1) 涓婂鏈燂細鏂囨硶銆佺繏椤岀偤涓伙紝閰嶅悎缍撳彞銆佺稉鏂囨钀介伕璁銆

(2) 涓嬪鏈燂細鏂囨硶鎺′富椤屽紡浠嬬垂锛岄厤鍚堝畬鏁寸稉鏂囬柋璁銆

 

锛曪紟濡備綍鏈夋晥鐨勫缈掞紵闇瑕佸灏戞檪闁擄紵

 

(0) 涓嶅湪澶氾紝涓嶅湪蹇紝鑰屽湪纰哄銆

(1) 瑾插墠闋愮繏銆

(2) 瑾蹭腑妾㈣瓑銆佹緞娓呫

(3) 瑾插緦瑜囩繏銆佹暣鐞嗐佹秷鍖栥

(4) 纰哄绶寸繏(缈掗)

 

 

璨炽佺啊浠 (Introduction)

锛戯紟瀛楁瘝鑸囩櫦闊(Alphabets and Its Pronunciation)

 

缇呴Μ鍖栧瓧姣嶈垏鐧奸煶(Romanized script and Its Pronunciation)

 

 

 

姣嶉煶(Vowels)

(Consonants)

鍠瘝闊

/

闆欐瘝闊

Diphthongs

闃诲闊 Stops

榧婚煶 Nasals

姘i煶銆佸崐姣嶉煶绛

Aspirate,Semivowels

鎿﹂煶

Sibilants

1.鍠夐煶Gutturals

a a

 

k kh g gh v

h (姘i煶)

 

2.椤庨煶Palatals

i i

e

c ch j jh b

y (鍗婃瘝闊)

 

3.鎹茶垖闊Cerebrals

 

 

t th d dh n

r , l (娴侀煶)

 

4.榻掗煶Dentals

 

 

t th d dh n

l ()

s

5.鍞囬煶Labials

u u

o

p ph b bh m

v (鍗婃瘝闊)

 

闅ㄩ熁 (Anusvara / Niggahita / Pure Nasal) m

 

銆愭敞銆戯細1. 闃诲闊(濉為煶鍙婂鎿﹂煶锛mutes/stops)涓紝甯 h 鐨勭偤銆屾湁姘

(Aspirate)銆嶏紝鍏堕鐐恒岀劇姘i煶(Non-aspirate)銆嶃

2. 鎵鏈夊瓧姣嶄腑锛岄櫎k(k,c,t,t,p)kh(kh,ch,th,th,ph) 鍙婃摝

s 鐐恒岀劇鑱查煶(Voiceless)銆嶅锛屽叾椁樼殕鐐恒屾湁鑱查煶(Voiced)銆嶃

(瑗挎柟瀛歌呭皣h姝告柤鐒¤伈闊筹紝鍗板害瀛歌呭墖灏囦箣姝告柤鏈夎伈闊炽)

3. 鐭瘝闊炽屼竴闊抽暦銆嶏紝闀锋瘝闊炽屼簩闊抽暦銆嶏紝闆欐瘝闊e / o鍙兘

銆屼竴闊抽暦銆嶆垨銆屼簩闊抽暦銆嶃


闅ㄩ熁(Anusvara / niggahita) m 鐐轰竴闁嬪彛榧婚煶锛岃畝娉曞涓嬶細

 

(1) 鍦ㄥ瓧灏撅紝寰屾帴姣嶉煶鎴栧攪闊抽枊闋殑瀛楋紝鏈夋檪璁 m 锛屽锛

 

tam aham > tam aham

tam pi > tam pi

kim eva > kim eva

kim mabbasi > kim mabbasi

    涔熸湁鎺ュ叾浠栧瓙闊宠岃畝m鐨勶紝濡傦細

tam kissa hetu > tam kissa hetu

(2) 鍦ㄥ瓧涓墖渚濅笅鍒楀師鍓囩偤涔嬶細

(a) 鎺ュ瓙闊筹細瑕栨帴鍦ㄤ綍绋瓙闊(鍠夈侀銆佹嵅鑸屻侀綊銆佸攪闊)涔嬪墠锛
鍗宠畝鎴愯┎绋瓙闊(浜﹀嵆锛岃┎鐧奸煶閮ㄤ綅)鐩告噳涔嬮蓟闊筹紝濡傦細

sam-gha > savgha

sam-dhi > sandhi

pam-ca > pabca

  sam-bodhi > sambodhi

 

(b) 鎺ュ崐姣嶉煶(y,v)銆佹祦闊(r,l,l)銆佹摝闊(s)銆佹埃闊(h)锛氫笉璁婏紝濡傦細

  sam-yutta, sam-raga, sam-sara, sam-hara

 

(c) 鎺ユ瘝闊筹細璁婃垚 m锛屽锛sam-a-dhi > samadhi

 

锛掞紟闊崇瘈(Syllable)銆侀煶闀(Quantity)銆侀噸闊崇瘈(Stress,Accent)

 

(1) 闊崇瘈锛氭瘡涓闊崇瘈鍚竴姣嶉煶涓旈氬父浠ユ瘝闊崇祼灏撅紝浣嗚嫢姣嶉煶寰屾帴銆岄洐

瀛愰煶銆嶆檪锛屽墖瑭查煶绡浠ュ瓙闊崇祼灏俱傚锛

 

A-nan-da, vi-ha-ra-ti, duk-kha, sam-yut-ta

 

鍙堬紝浠ャ屾瘝闊炽嶇祼灏剧殑闊崇瘈锛岀ū鐐恒岄枊闊崇瘈銆(Open syllable)

vi / ha / ra / ti绛夈備互銆屽瓙闊炽嶇祼灏捐呰瑐涔嬨岄枆闊崇瘈銆(Close

syllable)锛屽nan / duk / sam / yut 绛夈

 

 

(2) 闊抽暦鑸囬噸闊崇瘈

 

A.銆愰暦闊崇瘈 Long Syllable 鏄寚銆岄煶闀枫嶅ぇ鏂兼垨绛夋柤2鐨勯煶绡銆備竴

鑸岃█鏈変互涓嬩簩绋儏褰細(1) 鍚岄暦姣嶉煶銆嶆垨銆岄洐姣嶉煶銆嶇殑銆岄枊

闊崇瘈銆(A-nan-da Aka-ro-tiro ) (2) 鍚岀煭姣嶉煶銆

鐨勩岄枆闊崇瘈銆(A-nan-dananduk-khaduksam-yut-ta

samyut)

 

B. 涓鍊嬭獮瑭(Word) 鐨勩愰噸闊崇瘈銆戜綅鏂硷細

 

(1) 鑻ヨ┎瑭炵殑銆屽掓暩绗簩闊崇瘈銆嶇偤闀烽煶绡锛屽墖瑭茶檿鍗虫槸銆傚惁鍓囷紝

(2) 鑻ヨ┎瑭炵殑銆屽掓暩绗笁闊崇瘈銆嶇偤闀烽煶绡锛屽墖瑭茶檿鍗虫槸銆傚惁鍓囷紝

鍐嶅線鍓嶉鎺紙鍗筹紝鐪嬨屽掓暩绗洓闊崇瘈銆嶇瓑绛夛級銆

 

C. 鑸変緥锛 ku-'ma-ra bha-'van-ti gan-'dhab-ba 'ma-nu-ja

 

锛擄紟瀛楁瘝闋嗗簭鑸囨煡瀛楀吀(Dictionary Order)

 

(1) 姣嶉煶锛氬柈 [a,a /i,i /u,u], [e/o]

(2) 瀛愰煶锛

(0) 闅ㄩ熁Pure Nasal --- m

(1) 鍠夐煶 Gutturals --- k kh g gh v

(2) 椤庨煶 Palatals --- c ch j jh b

(3) 鎹茶垖闊 Cerebrals -- t th d dh n

(4) 榻掗煶 Dentals --- t th d dh n

(5) 鍞囬煶 Labials --- p ph b bh m

(3) 鍗婃瘝闊崇瓑Semivowel,etc. y , r , l , l , v

(4) 鎿﹂煶Sibilant s

(5) 姘i煶 Aspirateh

 

渚嬶細璜嬪湪杈吀涓壘鍑轰互涓嬭獮瑭烇細 pabba, savgha, dassati

 

锛旓紟瑾炶鑸囧彞瀛愮殑瑙f瀽 (Analysis of Words and Sentences)

 

(0) 瑾炶(Word)銆佸彞瀛(Sentence)銆佹枃绔(Text)鑸囨暀缇╃郴绲

 

鈥т竴鍊嬭獮瑭(Word)鐨勭簿纰鸿獮鎰忓彇姹烘柤瀹冩墍鍦ㄧ殑鍙ュ瓙锛屼竴鍊嬪彞瀛

(Sentence)鐨勭簿纰鸿獮鎰忓彇姹烘柤鍏跺墠寰屾枃(Context)锛岃屼竴绡囩稉鏂

(Text)鐨勭簿纰烘剰缇╁墖鍙栨焙鏂兼暣鍊嬫暀缇╃郴绲便

 

(1) 瑾炶鐨勬鎴愶細宸村埄瑾炵殑銆岃獮瑭炪嶇敱浠ヤ笅骞鹃儴浠芥鎴愩

 

[鎺ラ牠瑭(Prefix)] + 瀛楁牴鈥 + 鎺ュ熬瑭(Suffix) + 瑾炲熬璁婂寲(Ending)

(涓嶄竴瀹氭湁) 瑾炲熀(Stem) (鍚嶈璁婂寲Inflection,

瀛楁牴(Root) 鍕曡璁婂寲Conjugation)

 

渚嬶細 agacchati (a-gacch-a-ti < gam) 浠栦締 (he comes)

sandhatar (sam-dha-tar < dha ) 鍜屽悎鑰 (peace maker)

samadhi (sam-a-dha < dha) 涓夋懇鍦般佸畾 (concentration)

 

 

(2) 瑾炶鐨勭ó椤(渚濊鎬у垎)

 

(a) 鍚嶈 (Noun)

(b) 鍕曡 (Verb)

(c) 涓嶈畩鍖栬 (Indeclinable)锛氬寘鎷f帴瑭炪佸壇瑭炵瓑銆

(d) 鎺ラ牠瑭 (Prefix)

 

 

(3) 瑾炶鐨勫爆鎬(Attribute)

 

   鍕曡鐨勪笁灞э細鏅傛厠/瑾炴厠/瑾炴埃(Tense/Voice/Mood)銆佷汉绋

(Person)銆佹暩(Number)

   鍚嶈鐨勪笁灞э細鎬(Gender)銆佹暩(Number)銆佹牸(Case) (褰㈠瑭

浜﹀悓)

   涓嶈畩鍖栬銆佹帴闋锛氱劇灞

 

鍙ヤ腑銆屽郊姝ょ浉闂滀箣瑾炶銆嶅叾灞ч爤涓鑷淬傚锛氫富瑭炶垏鍕曡涔嬨

浜虹ū銆佹暩銆嶉爤鐩稿悓锛屽舰瀹硅鑸囧叾鎵淇>鐨勫悕瑭炪屾с佹暩銆佹牸銆

闋堜竴鑷淬

 

 

(a) 鏅傛厠/瑾炴厠/瑾炴埃(Tense/Voice/Mood)

 

鈥х従鍦ㄦ檪銆侀亷鍘绘檪銆佹湭渚嗘檪 (Present, Past(Aorist), Future)

鈥т富鍕曞紡銆佽鍕曞紡銆佷娇褰瑰紡 (Active, Passive, Causative)

鐩磋娉曘佸懡浠ゆ硶銆佸彲鑳/椤樻湜娉 (Indicative, Imperative,

Potential/Optative)

 

(b) 浜虹ū(Person)

 

鏈夌涓浜虹ū(First Person)銆佺浜屼汉绋(Second Person)銆佺涓変汉

(Third Person)绛変笁绋汉绋便

 

(c) (Gender)

 

鏈夌敺鎬(Masculine)銆佷腑鎬(Neuter)銆佸コ鎬(Feminine)绛変笁绋

鍒ャ

 

(d) (Number)

 

鏈夊柈鏁(Singular)銆佽鏁(Plural) 绛変簩绋暩銆

 

(e) (Case)锛氭湁浠ヤ笅鍏ó鏍笺

 

 

 

鍚 绋

涓 鑸 浣 鐢

椤 浼

1. 涓绘牸

2. 灏嶆牸(妤牸

銆佸彈鏍)

3. 鍏锋牸

4. 鐐烘牸(鑸囨牸)

5. 寰炴牸(濂牸)

6. 灞牸

7. 浣嶆牸(铏曟牸銆

鏂兼牸銆佷緷鏍)

8. 鍛兼牸

Nominative

Accusative

 

Instrumental

Dative

Ablative

Genitive

Locative

 

Vocative

涓昏

鐩存帴鍙楄銆(鏅傞枔)鍓

 

宸ュ叿銆佹柟寮

闁撴帴鍙楄銆佺洰鐨

渚嗘簮銆佸師鍥犮佹瘮杓冨皪璞

鎵灞棞淇

铏曟墍銆佹檪闁撱侀棞鏂~

 

绋卞懠瑾

 

to

 

by,with,through,in

to,for

from,due to,than

of,among

in,on,at,about

 

 

 

 

(4) 瑾炶鐨勪綔鐢

 

(a) 鍙〃绀恒屽嫊浣溿(Action)锛屽锛氫富鍕曞彞鍕曡銆佽鍕曞彞鍕曡銆

(b) 鍙〃绀恒屼綔鑰呫(Agent)锛屽锛氫富鍕曞彞涓昏(涓绘牸)銆佽鍕曞彞宸ュ叿

(鍏锋牸)

(c) 鍙〃绀恒屽彈鑰呫(Patient)锛屽锛氫富鍕曞彞鍙楄(妤牸)銆佽鍕曞彞涓

(涓绘牸)

 

(5) Be 鍕曡涔嬬渷鐣ワ細鍦ㄥ反鍒╄獮涓紝甯告湁鐪佺暐 Be 鍕曡鐨勬儏娉侊紝濡傦細

 

eso samano = 浠栨槸娌欓杸 (this/he is the ascetic)

  subbo loko subbo loko ti vuccati = 鎵璎傘屼笘闁撴槸绌猴紒涓栭枔鏄┖锛併

( ' void is the world ! void is the world ! ' is the saying)

 

 

 

浣滄キ

锛愶紟璜嬪弽瑕嗚伣銆佽畝銆岄檮閷B锛庣櫦闊崇反缈掋嶏紝鐔熸倝宸村埄瑾炵櫦闊炽

锛戯紟璜嬪鍑哄反鍒╄獮瀛楁瘝涔嬫墍鏈夈岄鍒ャ嶏紙濡傦細鍠瘝闊炽侀洐姣嶉煶銆侀蓟闊炽佸崐姣嶉煶銆佹摝闊炽鈥︹绛夛級鍙婂悇椤炲寘鍚箣瀛楁瘝銆

锛掞紟璜嬩緷銆岀櫦闊抽儴浣嶃嶅垪鍑烘墍鏈夊瓧姣嶃

锛擄紟鍝簺瀛楁瘝鏄屾湁鑱层嶉煶锛熷摢浜涙槸銆岀劇鑱层嶉煶锛熷摢浜涙槸銆屾湁姘c嶉煶锛熷摢浜涙槸銆岀劇姘c嶉煶锛熷摢浜涙槸銆屾嵅鑸屻嶉煶锛

锛旓紟璜嬭鏄庛屽柈姣嶉煶銆侀洐姣嶉煶涔嬮棞淇傘嶅強銆屾瘝闊炽佸崐姣嶉煶涔嬮棞淇傘嶃

锛曪紟璜嬭鏄庛岄毃闊汇(Anusvara / niggahita) 涔嬭畝娉曘

锛栵紟璜嬪垎鍑轰互涓嬪柈瑭炰箣銆岄煶绡銆嶏紝涓︽寚鍑哄悇闊崇瘈涔嬨岄煶闀枫嶅強鍠銆岄噸闊炽嶆墍鍦ㄣ

upasavkamati aharati nisidati

mahamatta brahmana pahamsati

锛楋紟璜嬪湪瀛楀吀涓煡鍑轰笂椤屼箣鍠锛屼甫瀵嚭鍏惰缇┿

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