閫g簩楂斻佺禃灏嶉珨 (Gerund銆Absolutive)
鍏锋牸鐨勯蹭竴姝ョ敤娉 (Instrumental Case)
鐝惧湪鍒嗚 (Present Participles)
锛戯紟閫g簩楂旂殑妲嬫垚
|
瀛楁牴 鎴 (灏戞暩) 鐝惧湪寮忚獮鍩 |
锛 |
( i ) ( e ) |
锛 |
-tva , -tvana , -tuna , -ya 鎴 -tu , -tum , -ya (cca) , -yana |
鈽 閫g簩楂斿垎瑭炲爆銆屼笉璁婂寲鍒嗚(Indeclinable Participle)銆嶏紝娌掓湁瑾炲熬璁婂寲銆
锛掞紟閫g簩楂旂殑瀛椾緥
(1) 鏈甯歌鐐 + (i 鎴 e) + -tva , -tvana , -tuna , -ya 锛
瀛楁牴 鐝惧湪寮 鍔 -tva 鍔 -tvana 鍔 -tuna 鍔 -ya
========== ---------- ------------ ------------- ------------- -----------
(k)kam 鍘 kamati kamitva -kamituna -kamma
kar 鍋 karoti katva katvana kattuna -kariya
karitva katuna -kiriya
kath 瑾 katheti kathetva
gam 鍘 gacchati gantva gantvana gantuna -gamma
gamitva
gan 绠 ganeti ganetva
(g)gah 鍙 gaheti gahetva gahetvana gayha
ganhati ganhitva ganhiya
dis 瑕 dassati disva disvana
das 瑕 dassati dassitva
瀛楁牴 鐝惧湪寮 鍔 -tva 鍔 -tvana 鍔 -tuna 鍔 -ya
========== ---------- ------------ ------------- ------------- -----------
dha 鏀剧疆 dahati dahitva dhaya
dayha
pa 鍠 pivati pivitva
pitva
man 鎬濊 mabbati mantva mantvana mantuna
muc 瑙h劔 mubcati mutva -mubca
mubcitva mubciya
(2) 涔熸湁 + (i 鎴 e) + -tu , -tum , -ya (cca) , -yana 鐨勶細
瀛楁牴 鐝惧湪寮 鍔 -tu 鍔 -tum 鍔 -ya (cca) 鍔 -yana
========= --------- ----------- ------------- --------------- -------------
das 瑕 dassati datthu
har 閬 harati -hatthum -hacca
kar 鍋 karoti -kacca
han 娈 hanati -hacca
vid 鐭 vindati -vicca
tar 娓 tarati -tariyana
vad 瑾 vadati -vadiyana
锛擄紟閫g簩楂旂殑銆屾剰缇┿嶏細
琛ㄩ仈銆屼富瑕佸嫊瑭(Main Verb)鍕曚綔銆'涔嬪墠'鐨勪竴閫d覆鍏锋湁鏅傞枔鍏堝緦闋嗗簭
鐨勫嫊浣溿
锛旓紟閫g簩楂旂殑銆屼娇鐢ㄦ檪姗熴嶏細
蹇呴爤鎵鏈夊嫊浣(鍖呮嫭涓昏鍕曡)鐨勩屽嫊浣滆(Agent)銆"鐩稿悓"鏅傛墠鑳戒娇鐢ㄣ
锛曪紟閫g簩楂斿嫊浣滅殑銆屾檪闁撱嶏細
閫g簩楂旂偤涓嶈畩鍖栧垎瑭烇紝涓嶈兘鐢卞叾鏈韩鐪嬪嚭銆屽嫊浣滅殑鏅傞枔銆(ie,閬庡幓銆佺従
鍦ㄣ佹湭渚)锛岃屽繀闋堢敱銆屼富瑕佸嫊瑭炪嶄締鍒ゆ柗銆
锛栵紟鍙ュ瀷鑸囦緥鍙ワ細
|
<涓昏> <閫g簩楂斿瓙鍙1> ... <閫g簩楂斿瓙鍙> <涓昏鍕曡V> |
鈥 琛ㄩ仈锛氥屼富瑭炪渚濆簭鍋氫簡銆閫g簩楂斿瓙鍙ャ1~N寰锛屽仛銆屼富瑕佸嫊浣淰銆嶃
(1) 浠栨浜嗘暤浜轰箣寰岋紝鎴戝埌渚嗐 (After he killed the enemy , I came. )
(銆屼綔鑰呫嶄笉鍚岋紝涓嶈兘鐢ㄩg簩楂旇〃閬)
(2) so arim hantva gamam agacchi = 浠栨浜嗘暤浜猴紝鐒跺緦鍒版潙瀛愪締銆 (閬庡幓寮)
(he killed the enemy and (then) came to the village)
(3) so arim hantva gamam agamissati = 浠栧湪娈轰簡鏁典汉涔嬪緦锛屽皣鍒版潙瀛愪締銆
(鏈締寮) (having killed the enemy, he will come to the village)
(4) 缍撴枃渚嬪彞
鈥Savatthiyam viharati. ... Atha kho ayasma kaccanagotto yena bhagava
tenupasavkami.
upasavkamitva
bhagavantam abhivadetva ekamantam
nisidi. = ... 浣忓湪鑸嶈鍩庛傞偅鏅傦紝灏婅呰喀鏃冨欢姘忓墠鍘诲弮瑷笘灏婏紝鍒颁簡
涔嬪緦锛屽悜涓栧皧鍟忚▕锛岀劧寰锛屽潗鏂间竴闈€ (While the Blessed One was
at Savatthi the venerable Kaccayana of that clan came to visit him.
Having approached, he saluted the Blessed One, and then sat down at
one side.) (S.II.p.16鏈-p.17.L3,杩︽梼寤舵皬)
鈥Atha kho Bhagava pubbanha-samayam nivasetva patta-civaram adaya
Rajagaham pindaya pavisi. = 閭f檪锛屼笘灏婁竴鏃钁楄。銆鎸佷笂琛e強缂锛
[鑰屽緦锛]鍏ョ帇鑸嶅煄涔為銆 (Then, when it was morning, the Blessed
One dressed and taking his outer robe and bowl, went into Rajagaha
for alms.) (D.III.p.180.L9-10,鏁欐巿灏镐冀缇呰秺缍)
锛戯紟鍏锋牸鐨勯蹭竴姝ョ敤娉
(1) 琛ㄧず銆屼即闅(accompaniment)銆嶏細銆岃垏...(淇)銆
鈥brahmanena saddhim = 鑸囧﹩缇呴杸鍦ㄤ竴璧 (with the priest /accompanied
by the priest)
鈥samanena manteti = 鑸囨矙闁鍏辫珫 (he discusses with the ascetic)
(2) 琛ㄧず銆屽叿鏈夈佸叿瓒(possession,endowment)銆
鈥silehi samannagato = 鍏疯冻鐪炬垝 (endowed with virtues)
(3) 琛ㄧず銆屽師鍥犮佺悊鐢(cause)銆嶏細銆屽洜...鑰屻佷互...(鏁)銆
鈥bhagavata vadena kupito = 鍥犱笘灏婄殑瑭辫屾啢鎬 (angry at (with) the
fortunate one's statement)
鈥civarena santuttho = 婊胯冻鏂(鍏)琛f湇 (satisfied with the robe)
鈥骞惧嬭〃閬斻屽師鍥犮佺悊鐢便嶇殑瀛锛
--- atthena = 鍥犵偤 (because of...)
--- kenacid eva karaniyena = 鍥犳煇浜嬩箣鏁 (engaged in some bussiness)
--- imina p' avgena = 鐢辨柤閫欏嬬悊鐢 (for this reason)
--- imina pariyayena = 鍩烘柤閫欏嬪師鍥 (through this course)
(4) 琛ㄧず鍕曚綔鐨勩岄斿緫銆佹柟鍚(way,direction)銆嶏細銆岀稉鐢便佽棄鐢便
鈥dvarena = 鐢辨闁(閫插叆/闆㈤枊) (by /through the gate) (entering,
leaving)
(5) 琛ㄧず鍕曚綔鐨勩屾柟寮忋佺媭鎱(manner,way)銆嶆垨鍋氥屽壇瑭炪(...鍦)
鈥kayena patisamvedeti = 浠栦互韬珨瑕哄彈 (he experiences through his
body)
鈥santena = 瀵傞潨鍦 (calmly)
鈥kicchena me adhigatam = 鎴戣壉杈涜瓑寰楃殑 (I understood with difficulty)
(6) 琛ㄩ仈銆屾檪闁撲箣'缍撻亷'(time by means of which)銆嶆垨銆屽湪鏌愮壒瀹氭檪闁
(particular time at which)銆
鈥aparena samayena = 鍏跺緦銆侀亷浜嗕簺鏅傚 (after some time)
鈥tena samayena = 閭f檪 (at that time)
鈥rabbo accayena = 鍦ㄥ湅鐜嬫寰 (after the passing away of the king)
锛掞紟鍏锋牸鐨勫啀閫蹭竴姝ョ敤娉
(1) 琛ㄧず銆屽厖婊(filled with)銆嶏細
鈥Kusavati Ananda rajadhani dasahi saddehi avivitta ahosi diva c'eva ratti
(rattim). = 闃块洠锛佹嫎鑸嶅﹩鎻愮帇閮芥櫇澶鍏呮豢(涓嶉洟)鍗佺ó鑱查煶銆 (A-
nanda, the city of Kusavati was never free of ten sounds by day or
night.) (D.II.p.147.L7-8,澶ц埇娑呮缍)
(2) 琛ㄧず銆屾瘮杓冪殑灏嶈薄(comparison with)銆
鈥Purisena va purisam karitva ... = 鎴栬呯敺瀛愯垏鐢峰瓙姣旇純涔嬪緦 ... (Or
having compared men with men ...) (D.I.p.98.L8,闃挎懇鏅濈稉)
(3) 琛ㄧず銆屼氦閫氬伐鍏(vehicle)銆嶏細
鈥Ambattho manavo... yavatika yanassa bhumi yanena gantva yana pacc-
orohitva pattiko va aramam pavisi. = 闃挎懇鏅濋潚骞村﹩缇呴杸... 涔樿粖鑷
杌婁箻鑳藉埌涔嬭檿锛屼笅杌婏紝鑰屽緦姝ヨ閫插叆鍦掓灄銆 (The young priest Am-
battha drove as far as the carriage would go, then alighted and continued
on foot entered the park.) (D.I.p.89.L15-17,闃挎懇鏅濈稉)
(4) 琛ㄧず鍋氭煇浜嬬殑銆屽嫊姗(motive)銆嶏細銆屽嚭鏂...銆
鈥Siya kho pana bhikkhave Satthu-garavena pi na puccheyyatha ... = 鎴
瑷憋紝璜告瘮涓橈紒浣犲戞槸鍑烘柤灏嶈佸斧鐨勫皧鏁鑰屼笉(鏁)鐧煎晱 ... (Perhaps,
monks, you do not ask out of respect for the Teacher ...) (D.II.p.155.
L15-16,澶ц埇娑呮缍)
(5) 琛ㄧず銆屽害閲(measure)銆嶏細銆岄暦...銆嶃併屽...銆
鈥Rabbo Ananda Maha-Sudassanassa ayam Kusinara Kusavati nama Raja-
dhani ahosi, puratthimena ca pacchimena ca dvadasa-yojanani ayamena
uttarena ca dakkhinena ca sattayojanani vittharena. = 闃块洠锛佹鎷樺案閭
缇呭煄鍗虫槸鐣舵檪澶у杽瑕嬬帇涔嬬帇閮斤紝鍚嶇偤鎷樿垗濠嗘彁锛鏉辫タ闀鍗佷簩鐢辨棳锛
鍗楀寳瀵涓冪敱鏃 (And, Ananda, this King Maha-Sudassana has this very
Kusinara, under the name of Kusavati, for his capital. And it was twelve
yojanas long from east to west, and seven yojanas wide from north to
south.) (D.II.p.146.L25-28,澶ц埇娑呮缍)
(6) 琛ㄩ仈銆岀ó鎬с佹棌濮(clan,family)銆
鈥Vipassi bhikkhave bhagava araham sammasambuddho Kondabbo gottena
ahosi. ... Aham bhikkhave etarahi araham sammasambuddho Gotamo
gottena ahosim. = 璜告瘮涓橈紒閭f檪姣樺﹩灏镐笘灏娿侀樋缇呮饥銆佹閬嶈鑰濮
鎲嶉櫝鑻 ... 璜告瘮涓橈紒鐝惧湪鎴戦樋缇呮饥銆佹閬嶈鑰濮撳柆閬旀懇銆 (Monks,the
Lord Buddha Vipassi fully-enlightened One was of the Kondabba clan ;
... Monks, I who am now the Arahant and fully-enlightened One am of
the Gotama clan.) (D.II.p.3.L12-22,澶ф湰缍)
(7) 琛ㄩ仈銆岃垏...鍒ョ暟銆侀洟鐣般佷笉浼撮毃(dissociation)銆
鈥' Ko nu kho bho abbo pahoti abbatra Maha-Govindena brahmanenqti '
= 澶у痉锛侊紙閭e叚浣嶆湅鍙嬪洖绛旇锛氾級銆闄ゅぇ鍏稿皧濠嗙緟闁涔嬪锛屽叾浠
鏈夎鑳藉鍛紒銆 ('Who indeed, Lord, if not the Great Steward ') (D.
II.p.234.L25-26,澶у吀灏婄稉)
鈥Katamo ca bhikkhave piyehi vippayogo dukkho = 鍐嶈咃紝璜告瘮涓橈紒
浠楹兼槸銆鎰涘垾闆鑻(鑸囨墍鎰涘垾闆涔嬭嫤)銆嶇殑鍏у鍛紵 (And, monks,
what is the suffering of being separated from the loved ) (D.II.p.306.
note.3. L7-8,澶у康铏曠稉)
(8) 浣滅偤銆屾唫鎯憋紙涓嶆▊锛夈佹厷鎰с佸珜鎯...銆嶇瓑鍕曡涔嬨屽皪璞°嶏紝浣滅敤鏈
濡傘屽皪鏍笺嶃(to be disgusted with ...) (鎴栬呬害鍙鐐恒屽師鍥犮)
鈥So tena papakena kammena attiyati harayati jigucchati. = 浠栧皪閭f儭妤笉
妯傘佹厷鎰с佸幁鎯° (He is horrified, humiliated, and disgusted with that
bad action.) (Vin.I.p.88.L5-6,寰嬭棌鈥уぇ鍝)
锛擄紟鍏朵粬鑸囧叿鏍肩浉闂滅殑鎱g敤瑾烇細
鈥asanena nimanteti = 閭璜嬪叆搴э紙浠ュ骇浣嶆嫑寰咃級(he invites to sit down /
he offers a seat)
鈥kalena kalam = 鏅傛檪銆佺稉甯 (from time to time/regularly)
鈥labhena labham = 浠ュ埄姹傚埄锛堣勃寰楃劇鍘級(from gain to gain, wishing
always for more gain /with one gain on to another)
鈥abbena abbam = 鐣板晱鐣扮瓟锛堝晱鏉辩瓟瑗/浠ヤ笉灏嶉鐨勮┍鍥炵瓟锛(other with
other/irrelevantly)
鈥sabbena sabbam = 涓鍒囩殑涓鍒囥佸畬鍏ㄧ殑銆佹緢搴曠殑 (all with all, completely,
absolutely thoroughly)
锛旓紟鍏锋牸鐢ㄦ硶姝哥磵
鍏锋牸涓昏鏈変互涓嬪咕椤炵敤娉曪細
(1) 浠ャ佺敤锛岀敱 (by,through,in)锛
琛ㄧず鍕曚綔鐨勩屽伐鍏枫佹柟寮忋佺媭鎱嬨嶏紝琚嫊鍙ョ殑銆屽嫊浣滆呫嶏紝銆岄斿緫銆
鏂瑰悜銆嶃併屼氦閫氬伐鍏枫嶆垨浣溿屽壇瑭炪嶃
(2) 鍥犮佺敱 (because)锛
琛ㄧず銆屽師鍥犮佺悊鐢便嶏紝銆屽嫊姗(鍑烘柤...)銆嶃
(3) 鑸 (with)锛
琛ㄧず銆屼即闅ㄣ嶏紝銆屾瘮杓冦嶏紝銆屽叿鏈夈佸叿瓒炽嶏紝銆屽厖婊裤嶏紝鎴(鍙
缇╃殑)銆岄櫎澶栥佸垾鐣般侀洟鐣般嶃
(4) 鏂...鏅傞枔 (time)锛
琛ㄩ仈銆屾檪闁撲箣'缍撻亷'銆,銆屽湪鏌愮壒瀹氭檪闁撱,銆屽勾榻°嶇瓑銆
(5) 鏂笺佸湪...鏂归潰 (in some respects)锛
搴﹂噺(闀峰)銆侀鍒(绋)绛夈
锛戯紟鐝惧湪鍒嗚鐨勬鎴愶細
|
鐝惧湪寮忓嫊瑭炶獮鍩 |
锛 |
-nt(a) 鎴 -mana 鎴 -ana |
锛掞紟瑾炲熬璁婂寲锛氶毃瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勩-ant,ppr.銆嶆垨姣嶉煶绲愬熬鐨勩-a銆嶈畩鍖栥
锛擄紟瀛椾緥锛
瀛楁牴 鐝惧湪寮忓嫊瑭3pl. 鍔 -nt(a) 鍔 -mana 鍔 -ana
========== ------------------ -------------- --------------- ------------
as 鏈,鏄 sa-nti sant(a) samana
as 鍧 asa-nti asant(a) asamana
accha-nti acchant(a)
kar 鍋 karo-nti karont(a) karana
kubba-nti kubbant(a) kubbamana kubbana
瀛楁牴 鐝惧湪寮忓嫊瑭3pl. 鍔 -nt(a) 鍔 -mana 鍔 -ana
========== ------------------ -------------- --------------- ------------
gam 鍘 gaccha-nti gacchant(a) gacchamana
da 鏂 dada-nti dadant(a) dadamana
de-nti dent(a)
pac 鐓 paca-nti pacant(a) pacamana
pass 瑕 passa-nti passant(a) passamana
budh 瑕 bujjha-nti bujjhant(a) bujjhamana
bhu 鏈 bhava-nti bhavant(a) bhavamana
hu 鏈 ho-nti hont(a)
si 鑷 se-nti semana
saya-nti sayant(a) sayamana sayana
锛旓紟鐝惧湪鍒嗚鐨勩屾剰缇┿嶏細
閫氬父琛ㄧず鑸囥屼富瑕佸嫊瑭炪嶄箣鍕曚綔 鈥鍚屾檪鐧肩敓鈥 鐨勫嫊浣溿
锛曪紟鐝惧湪鍒嗚鐨勩岀敤娉曘嶏細
(1) 鐢ㄦ柤鍒嗚瀛愬彞 (銆屾с佹暩銆佹牸銆嶉毃鎵淇>鐨勫悕瑭)
鈥Dhammam hi Vakkali passanto mam passati, mam passanto dhammam
passati. = 璺嬭喀姊紒涓鍊嬩汉瑕嬫硶鏅锛[浠]灏辫鍒版垜锛涜鐣[浠]瑕嬪埌
鎴戞檪锛屼粬灏辫鍒版硶銆 (Verily, seeing the truth,Vakkali, one sees me;
seeing me, one sees the truth.) (S.III.p.120.L29-31,璺嬭喀姊)
鈥Digham va assasanto : digham assasamkti pajanati, digham va passasanto
: digham passasamkti pajanati. = 鎴栬咃紝鐣朵粬鍏ユ伅闀风殑鏅傚锛屼粬鐭ラ亾锛
銆屾垜鍏ユ伅闀枫嶏紱鎴栬咃紝鐣朵粬鍑烘伅闀风殑鏅傚锛屼粬鐭ラ亾锛氥屾垜鍑烘伅闀枫嶃
(Breathing in long,he understands : ' I breathe in long';or breathing out
long, he understands : ' I breathe out long.') (M.I.p.56.L15-17, 蹇佃檿
缍)
(2) 鐢ㄤ綔褰㈠瑭 (銆屾с佹暩銆佹牸銆嶉毃鎵淇>鐨勫悕瑭)
鈥danam dadanto puriso passati = 閭e嬫鍦ㄥ竷鏂界殑浜虹湅瑕 (the person
giving gift sees)
(3) 鐢ㄤ綔鍚嶈 (姝e仛...鑰)
鈥dhavam = 姝e湪璺戠殑浜 (the running man) (dhavam鐐dhavant涔
Nom.sg. < dhavati < dhav)
锛栵紟浠e悕瑭炪bhavant銆 鏈変互涓嬪叐绋敤娉曪細
(1) 浣溿岀従鍦ㄥ垎瑭炪嶏紝缇╄瑐銆屾槸(being)銆嶏紝姝ゆ檪鏍艰畩鍖栭毃 gacchant銆
(2) 浣溿屾暚绋辫銆嶏紝缇╄瑐銆屾偍銆佸ぇ寰枫(sir銆your honour)锛屾鏅傛牸璁
鍖栦笉瑕忓墖銆
鈥姝ゅ瓧銆屼富鏍笺嶈鐐恒岀涓変汉绋便嶏細
ayam bhavam = 姝ゅ皧鑰 (this honourable)
鈥姝ゅ瓧銆屽懠鏍笺嶈鐐恒岀浜屼汉绋便嶏細
tvam bho = 澶у痉锛 (you sir !)
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