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閬庡幓鍒嗚 (Past Passive Participle)
-a 绲愬熬鐨勪腑鎬у悕瑭 (Neuter Nouns in -a)
鍏锋牸鐨勫熀鏈敤娉 (Instrumental Case)
锛戯紟閬庡幓鍒嗚鐨勩屾鎴愩嶏細
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瀛楁牴 (灏戞暩鐢便岀従鍦ㄥ紡瑾炲熀銆) |
+ |
閬庡幓鍒嗚鎺ュ熬瑭 -ta, -ita, -na |
鈥 娉ㄦ剰锛氬瓧鏍规湯灏剧殑瀛愰煶閬囧埌 -ta 鎴 -na 鏅傦紝甯告湁閫i煶璁婂寲銆
鈻 浠ヤ笅鏄姞 -ta,-ita 鐨勪緥瀛愶細
(p)pa-(k)kam pakkanta 宸查洟鍘 (gone away, left) (m + t > n + t)
kar kata 宸插仛锛岃鍋 (done) (r鐪佺暐)
kilam kilanta 鐤插︾殑 (tired) (m + t > n + t)
kup kupita 鐢熸埃锛岀櫦鎬 (angry)
gam gata 宸插線 (gone) (m鐪佺暐)
adhi-gam adhigata 宸插埌閬斻佸凡璀夊緱銆佸凡鐭 (understood) (鎺
闋adhi- 缇╃偤銆屼笂銆佸涓娿嶏紝over)
a-gam agata 宸蹭締 (come)
sam-anu-a-gam samannagata 鍏疯冻銆佸緱銆佸寰 (endowed, acquired) (
anu-a > anv-a > anna锛v琚n鍚屽寲)
ni-(g)gah niggahita 琚姂姝€佹姌鏈嶃侀鍊 (refuted) ((g)gah缇
鐐恒屾崏銆佸煼銆佸彇銆嶏紝seize, grasp)
chadd chaddita 宸插悙銆佹崹銆侀櫎 (thrown away, abandoned)
(p)pa-(b)bap pabbatta 宸叉柦瑷佸凡鍌欏Ε (declared, prepared) (p琚
t鍚屽寲)
(t)tha thita 宸茬珛銆佸凡浣 (stood, stayed) (a鐪佺暐鎴栧急鍖)
sam-tus santuttha 鍠滆冻鐨勩佹豢瓒崇殑 (contented, satisfied)
( < tus锛s + t > tth)
dis desita 宸叉暀锛岃鏁 (taught) ( < diw鎸囥佺ず锛point)
(d)dis dittha 宸茶锛岃瑕 (seen) ( < drw ) (s + t > tth)
pucch puttha 宸插晱锛岃鍟 (asked) (cch + t > tth )
bandh baddha 琚笡 (bound) (n鐪佺暐锛t琚dh鍚屽寲)
bhas bhasita 宸茶銆佽瑾 (spoken)
bhu bhuta 宸...銆佽... (been)
ni(r)-ma nimmita 琚壍閫 (created) (a鐪佺暐鎴栧急鍖)
vi-muc vimutta 宸茶В鑴 (freed) (c琚t鍚屽寲)
ni-rudh niruddha 宸叉粎锛岃婊 (stoped, ceased) (t琚dh鍚屽寲)
vac vutta 宸茶銆佽瑾佹墍璎傜殑 (said) (鎺¤鍕曟厠
vuccati涔瑾炲熀vuc锛c琚t鍚屽寲)
(p)pa-(v)vaj pabbajita 宸插嚭瀹 (gone forth)
sam santa 瀵傞潨鐨勩佸瘋姝㈢殑 (calmed) (m + t > n + t)
(s)su suta 宸茶伣鑱炪佽鑱借仦 (heard)
锛掞紟閬庡幓鍒嗚鐨勩岃獮鎱嬨嶏細
(1) 涓鑸偤銆岃鍕曡獮鎱嬨嶃
(2) 鏌愪簺銆屼笉鍙婄墿鍕曡銆嶅強銆岃鍕曞嫊瑭炪嶅彲琛ㄣ屼富鍕曡獮鎱嬨嶃
锛擄紟閬庡幓鍒嗚鐨勩岀敤娉曘嶏細
(1) 浣滀竴鑸岃瑐瑾炲嫊瑭(Finite Verb)銆
F 灞屽悕瑭炴у嫊瑭炪嶏細鍕曡鐨勪綔鐢ㄣ佸悕瑭炵殑璁婂寲銆
(a) 浣溿岃鍕曞嫊瑭炪(琛ㄩ亷鍘绘垨鐝惧湪瀹屾垚)
鈥'Anubbato si pana tvam, Ratthapala, matapituhi agarasma anagari-
yam pabbajjayati ' = 銆岀劧鑰岋紝璩村悞鍜岀緟锛佷綘宸插緱鐖舵瘝鍏佽ū闆
瀹跺嚭瀹堕亷闈炲鐢熸椿鍡庯紵銆 ('Have you been permitted by your
parents, Ratthapala, to go forth from the home life into home-
lessness ') (M.II.p.56.L13-14, 璩村悞鍜岀緟缍)
鈥' Na kho aham, bhante, anubbato matapituhi agarasma anagariyam
pabbajjayati.' = 銆屽ぇ寰凤紒鎴鏈緱鐖舵瘝鍏佽ū闆㈠鍑哄閬庨潪瀹
鐢熸椿銆傘 ( 'No, venerable sir, I have not been permitted by my
parents to go forth from the home life into homelessness.') (M.
II.p.56.L15-16, 璩村悞鍜岀緟缍)
鈥' Na kho, Ratthapala, Tathagata ananubbatam matapituhi
pabbajentiti.' = 銆岃炒鍚掑拰缇咃紒璜稿渚嗕笉鑱借ū鏈緱鐖舵瘝鍚屾剰
鑰鍑哄锛併 ( 'Ratthapala, Tathagatas do not give the going
forth to anyone who does not have his parents' permission.')
(M.II.p.56.L17-18, 璩村悞鍜岀緟缍)
(b) 浣溿屼富鍕曞嫊瑭炪(琛ㄩ亷鍘绘垨鐝惧湪瀹屾垚锛屼綔銆屽畬鎴愬紡銆嶆檪鍙厤鍚
Be鍕曡)
鈥Mayam gamam upasamkanta (amha). = 鎴戝戝凡鍒版潙瑁° (We
have approached the village.)
(2) 浣溿屽悕瑭炪
(a) 鏌愪簺閬庡幓鍒嗚鍙綔銆屼腑鎬с佹娊璞″悕瑭炪嶏紝濡傦細
鈥bhasitam = 瑷瑾佹墍瑾 (what was spoken,speech)
鈥jivitam = 鐢熷懡 (life)
(b) 鍙︽湁涓浜涘墖杞夌偤鎸囥屼汉銆(...鑰)锛屽锛
鈥tathagata = 濡備締銆佺湡鐞嗕箣寰楄瓑(閬旇嚦)鑰 (Thus-gone)
鈥buddha = 浣涢檧銆佽鎮熻 (the Enlightened One)
鈥ananubbata matapituhi = 鏈緱鐖舵瘝鍚屾剰鑰 (one who has not
been permitted by his parents)
(3) 閬庡幓鍒嗚鍧囧彲浣溿屽舰瀹硅銆(姝ゆ檪瑾炲熬璁婂寲渚 -a,-a,-a ;鎬с佹暩銆
鏍奸厤鍚堟墍淇>鐨勫悕瑭)
鈥kupito khattiyo vadati = 鎲ゆ掔殑鍓庡笣鍒╄ (the angry warrior says)
鈥kilanta rajaputta evam pucchimsu = 鐤叉唺鐨勭帇瀛愬戦欓杭鍟 (thus the
tired princes asked)
(4) 鐢ㄦ柤銆岄亷鍘诲垎瑭炲瓙鍙ャ
鈥So sato va assasati, sato passasati. = 浠栧康鑰屽叆鎭紝蹇佃屽嚭鎭 (Ever
mindful, he breathe in; mindful he breathe out.) (娉細姝よ檿鍒嗚瀛愬彞
琛ㄩ仈鑸囦富瑕佸瓙鍙ャ屽悓鏅傘嶇殑鍕曚綔锛屽嵆鍦ㄤ粬鍏ャ佸嚭鎭殑銆屽悓鏅傘嶏紝
浠栧収蹇冩竻妤氥佹槑鐧姐侀啋瑕猴紞锛 sato 銆屽叿蹇点嶃傚彟澶栵紝va 鐐 eva
涔嬬暐瑾炲舰锛岀敤渚嗗挤瑾 sato 銆屽収蹇冩竻娓呮妤氱殑銆) (M.I.p.56.L14-
15, 蹇佃檿缍)
鈥Puna ca param bhikkhave bhikkhu gacchanto va : gacchamkti pajanati,
thito va : thito 'mhkti pajanati, nisinno va : nisinno 'mhkti pajanati, sayano
va : sayano 'mhkti pajanati. = 鍐嶈咃紝璜告瘮涓橈紒姣斾笜鐣朵粬璧拌矾鐨勬檪鍊欙紝
浠栫煡閬擄細銆屾垜鍦ㄨ蛋璺嶏紱鎴栬咃紝鐣朵粬绔欑珛鐨勬檪鍊锛屼粬鐭ラ亾锛氥屾垜姝
绔欑珛銆嶏紱鎴栬咃紝鐣朵粬鍧愯憲鐨勬檪鍊锛屼粬鐭ラ亾锛氥屾垜姝e潗钁椼嶏紱鎴栬咃紝
鐣朵粬韬轰笅鐨勬檪鍊欙紝浠栫煡閬擄細銆屾垜姝h汉涓嬨嶃 (Again, bhikkhus, when
walking, a bhikkhu understands : ' I am walking ' ; when standing ,he un-
derstands : ' I am standing ' ; when sitting, he understands : ' I am sitting ' ;
when lying down, he understands : ' I am lying down '.) (M.I.p.56.鏈
2琛-p.57.L1, 蹇佃檿缍)
锛旓紟鏁寸悊锛氶亷鍘诲垎瑭炵敤浣溿屽嫊瑭炪嶇殑骞剧ó銆屽彞鍨嬨
(1) 鐢ㄦ柤銆岃鍕曞彞銆(Passive Sentence)
鍙ュ瀷涓锛铏涗富瑭炶鍕曞紡 (Impersonal : It was Ved by A )
|
by-A it was Ved (琚獳 鍋歏) Ins. pp.n.s.Nom. |
鈥evam me sutam = 濡傛槸鎴戣仦 (it was heard by me / thus have I heard)
鍙ュ瀷浜岋細瀵︿富瑭炶鍕曞紡 ( B were Ved by A )
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B by-A were Ved (B琚A 鍋歏) Nom. Ins. pp.鎬с佹暩銆佹牸闅 B |
鈥maya ime satta nimmita = 閫欎簺鐪剧敓琚垜鍓甸/鎴戝壍閫犱簡閫欎簺鐪剧敓
(by me these beings were created / I have created these beings)
(2) 鐢ㄦ柤銆屼富鍕曞彞銆(Active Sentence)
鍙ュ瀷涓夛細瀵︿富瑭炰富鍕曞紡 ( A (have) Ved B )
|
A B Ved (A灏岯鍋歏) Nom. Acc. pp.鎬с佹暩銆佹牸闅 A |
鈥puriso gamam agato = 姝や汉鍒版潙瀛愪締浜 (the person has come to the
village) (cf.agacchi,aor.)
锛戯紟瑾炲熬璁婂寲
渚嬶細yana = 杌婁箻(carriage)
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
Nom. yan-am yan-ani /-a
Voc. * yan-a yan-ani /-a
Acc. yan-am yan-ani /-e
锛掆т腑鎬у瓧鐨勬牸璁婂寲閫氬墖 (涓ф渚)
(1) 涓у瓧鑸囧叾灏嶆噳鐨勭敺鎬у瓧涔嬭獮灏惧儏 Nom.sg.pl.鍙Acc.pl.绛変笁铏曟湁
鐣般備富鏍笺佸皪鏍间箣澶栫殑鍏跺畠鍏ó鏍艰畩鍖 (Ins. Dat. ... Loc.) 鑸囥
鐢锋у瓧銆嶇浉鍚屻(渚濄岄暦鐩搞嶇湅锛屽彧鏈夈岄牠銆嶄笉涓妯o紝銆岃韩楂斻嶅畬
鍏ㄤ竴妯c)
(2) 涓у瓧鐨勪富鏍笺佸皪鏍煎瓧灏惧叿濡備笅鐗瑰镜锛
Nom. Acc. |
sg. pl. -xm -xni -xm -xni |
鍗 (a) Nom. = Acc. (b) Nom.sg.(鑸Acc.sg.) 榧婚煶鍖 (-xm)銆 (c) Nom.pl.(鑸Acc.pl.) 闀烽煶鍖 鍔 ni銆 |
(3) 涓у瓧銆岃鏁镐富鏍笺佸皪鏍笺佸懠鏍笺嶉櫎鍙敤鑷繁鐨勫瓧灏惧锛屼篃鍙娇
鐢ㄥ叾灏嶆噳鐢锋у瓧鐨勫瓧灏俱備害鍗抽櫎銆屼富鏍煎柈鏁搞嶅锛屼腑鎬у瓧鍙互浣跨敤
鍏跺皪鎳夌敺鎬у瓧鐨勩屾墍鏈夊瓧灏俱(鍗虫暣寮佃〃鏍)銆
锛擄紟-a 绲愬熬鐨勪腑鎬у瓧绀轰緥锛
asanam 搴с佸骇鎵 (seat)
kammam 妤佽鐐恒佸伐浣 (work)
kiccham 鍥伴洠 (difficulty)
geham 瀹躲佹埧瀛 (house, building)
gottam 濮撱佹皬濮撱佺ó鎬 (clan)
civaram 琛c佹硶琛 (robe)
danam 鏂界墿銆佸竷鏂 (gift, donation, alms)
dukkham 鑻 (unhappiness, misery, suffering)
dvaram 闁銆佹埗 (door, gate)
dhanam 璨°佽病鐗 (money, wealth)
pubbam 绂忋佸杽銆佺寰枫佺妤 (merit, good, goodness, meritorious action)
maranam 姝 (death)
yojanam 鐢辨棳 (league,绱14鍏噷)
sahassam 鍗冦佸崈閲 (thousand)
silam 鎴 (virtue, good conduct)
sukham 妯 (happiness)
锛愶紟鍏锋牸鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細锛堟铏曚互-a鐐轰緥锛屽叾椁樿珛鍙冭浠ヤ笅銆屼竴瑕借〃銆嶏級
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
buddha m. 浣 > buddh-ena buddh-ehi
buddh-ebhi
phala n. 鏋 > phal-ena phal-ehi
phal-ebhi
kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-aya kabb-ahi
kabb-abhi
锛戯紟鍏锋牸鐨勫熀鏈敤娉
(1) 琛ㄧず鍕曚綔鐨勩屽伐鍏枫佹柟寮忋佺媭鎱嬨(鐢... 锛屼互... 锛...鍦)锛岄氬父鐢
鏂笺岄潪鐢熷懡鍚嶈銆嶃
鈥pabbaya passati = 浠栦互鏅烘収瑕 (he sees with wise)
鈥sukham kayena phusati = 浠栦互韬Ц妯 (he touches happiness with the
body)
鈥adhivasesi bhagava tunhibhavena = 涓栧皧榛樼劧鎳夎ū (the fortunate
one acquiesced by his silence)
鈥pattena udakam atiharati = 浠栦互缂藉彇姘 (he brings water in a bowl)
(2) 琛ㄧず銆岃鍕曞彞銆嶄箣銆屽嫊浣滆呫(琚... , 鐢...)锛岄氬父鐢ㄦ柤銆屾湁鐢熷懡鍚
瑭炪嶃
鈥samano maya dittho = 娌欓杸琚垜鐪嬭/鎴戠湅瑕嬫矙闁 (the ascetic was
seen by me/ I saw the ascetic)
鈥bharo bhikkhuna chaddito = 閲嶆摂琚瘮涓樻崹闆/姣斾笜鎹ㄩ洟閲嶆摂 (the
load was thrown away by the bhikkhu)
v
闄勶細 |
鍏锋牸 瑾炲熬璁婂寲 涓瑕 |
(1) 姣嶉煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
buddha m. 浣 > buddh-ena buddh-ehi
buddh-a buddh-ebhi
aggi m. 鐏 > agg-ina agg-ihi
agg-ibhi
bhikkhu m. 姣斾笜 > bhikkh-una bhikkh-uhi
bhikkh-ubhi
----------------------------
phala n. 鏋 > phal-ena phal-ehi 鍚
phal-a phal-ebhi
akkhi n. 鐪 > akkh-ina akkh-ihi 鐢
akkh-ibhi
assu n. 娣 > ass-una ass-uhi 鎬
ass-ubhi
==================
kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-aya kabb-ahi
kabb-abhi
jati f. 鐢 > jat-iya jat-ihi
jat-ibhi
nadi f. 娌 > nad-iya nad-ihi
nad-ibhi
dhenu f. 鐗$墰 > dhen-uya dhen-uhi
dhen-ubhi
jambu f. 闁绘诞妯 > jamb-uya jamb-uhi
jamb-ubhi
(2)瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
attan m. 鑷垜 > attan-a attan-ehi (-ebhi)
att-ena att-ehi
rajan m. 鐜 > rajin-a raj-uhi (-ubhi)
rabb-a raj-ehi (-ebhi)
raj-ena
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
kamman n. 妤 > kamman-a kamm-ehi (-ebhi)
kammun-a
kamm-a
kamm-ena
----------------------------
bhagavant m. 涓栧皧 > bhagavat-a bhagavant-ehi
bhagavant-ena bhagavant-ebhi
gacchant m. 鍘 > gacchat-a gacchant-ehi
(ppr.) gacchant-ena gacchant-ebhi
----------------------------
hatthin m. 璞 > hatthin-a hatth-ihi
hatth-ibhi
gamin n. 灏庤 > gamin-a gam-ihi
gam-ibhi
----------------------------
vacas n. 瑾 > vacas-a vac-ehi
vac-ena vac-ebhi
----------------------------
ayus n. 澹 > ayus-a ay-uhi
ay-una ay-ubhi
----------------------------
pitar m. 鐖 > pitar-a pitar-ehi (-ebhi)
pit-una pit-uhi (-ubhi)
matar f. 姣 > matar-a matar-ehi (-ebhi)
mat-uya mat-uhi (-ubhi)
(3)浠e悕瑭為鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
ta(d) m.n. 褰 > t-ena t-ehi (-ebhi)
n-ena n-ehi (-ebhi)
eta(d) m.n. 姝 > et-ena et-ehi (-ebhi)
ima(m) m.n. 姝 > im-ina im-ehi (-ebhi)
ehi (ebhi)
ka m.n. 浣 > k-ena k-ehi (-ebhi)
ka-ci m.n. 鏌 > kena-ci kehi-ci (kebhi-ci)
ya(d) m.n. 鍏 > y-ena y-ehi (-ebhi)
sabba m.n. 涓鍒 > sabb-ena sabb-ehi (-ebhi)
amu m.n. 姝 > am-una am-uhi (-ubhi)
----------------------------
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
ta(d) f. 褰 > t-aya t-ahi (-abhi)
n-aya n-ahi (-abhi)
eta(d) f. 姝 > et-aya et-ahi (-abhi)
ima(m) f. 姝 > im-ayai m-ahi (-abhi)
ka f. 浣 > k-aya k-ahi (-abhi)
ka-ci f. 鏌 > kaya-ci kahi-ci (kabhi-ci)
ya(d) f. 鍏 > y-aya y-ahi (-abhi)
sabba f. 涓鍒 > sabb-aya sabb-ahi (-abhi)
amu f. 姝 > am-uya am-uhi (-ubhi)
==================
aham 鎴 > m-aya (me) amh-ehi (no)
tvam 浣 > t-aya (te) tumh-ehi (vo)
v