閬庡幓鍒嗚 (Past Passive Participle)

-a 绲愬熬鐨勪腑鎬у悕瑭 (Neuter Nouns in -a)

鍏锋牸鐨勫熀鏈敤娉 (Instrumental Case)

 

 

 

澹光ч亷鍘(琚嫊)鍒嗚 (Past Passive Participle)

锛戯紟閬庡幓鍒嗚鐨勩屾鎴愩嶏細

 

 

瀛楁牴

(灏戞暩鐢便岀従鍦ㄥ紡瑾炲熀銆)

+

閬庡幓鍒嗚鎺ュ熬瑭

-ta, -ita, -na

 

娉ㄦ剰锛氬瓧鏍规湯灏剧殑瀛愰煶閬囧埌 -ta -na 鏅傦紝甯告湁閫i煶璁婂寲銆

 

浠ヤ笅鏄姞 -ta,-ita 鐨勪緥瀛愶細

 

(p)pa-(k)kam pakkanta 宸查洟鍘 (gone away, left) (m + t > n + t)

kar kata 宸插仛锛岃鍋 (done) (r鐪佺暐)

kilam kilanta 鐤插︾殑 (tired) (m + t > n + t)

kup kupita 鐢熸埃锛岀櫦鎬 (angry)

gam gata 宸插線 (gone) (m鐪佺暐)

adhi-gam adhigata 宸插埌閬斻佸凡璀夊緱銆佸凡鐭 (understood) (

闋adhi- 缇╃偤銆屼笂銆佸涓娿嶏紝over)

a-gam agata 宸蹭締 (come)

sam-anu-a-gam samannagata 鍏疯冻銆佸緱銆佸寰 (endowed, acquired) (

anu-a > anv-a > annavn鍚屽寲)

ni-(g)gah niggahita 琚姂姝€佹姌鏈嶃侀鍊 (refuted) ((g)gah

鐐恒屾崏銆佸煼銆佸彇銆嶏紝seize, grasp)

chadd chaddita 宸插悙銆佹崹銆侀櫎 (thrown away, abandoned)

 

(p)pa-(b)bap pabbatta 宸叉柦瑷佸凡鍌欏Ε (declared, prepared) (p

t鍚屽寲)

(t)tha thita 宸茬珛銆佸凡浣 (stood, stayed) (a鐪佺暐鎴栧急鍖)

sam-tus santuttha 鍠滆冻鐨勩佹豢瓒崇殑 (contented, satisfied)

( < tuss + t > tth)

dis desita 宸叉暀锛岃鏁 (taught) ( < diw鎸囥佺ず锛point)

(d)dis dittha 宸茶锛岃瑕 (seen) ( < drw ) (s + t > tth)

pucch puttha 宸插晱锛岃鍟 (asked) (cch + t > tth )

bandh baddha 琚笡 (bound) (n鐪佺暐锛tdh鍚屽寲)

bhas bhasita 宸茶銆佽瑾 (spoken)

bhu bhuta ...銆佽... (been)

ni(r)-ma nimmita 琚壍閫 (created) (a鐪佺暐鎴栧急鍖)

vi-muc vimutta 宸茶В鑴 (freed) (ct鍚屽寲)

ni-rudh niruddha 宸叉粎锛岃婊 (stoped, ceased) (tdh鍚屽寲)

vac vutta 宸茶銆佽瑾佹墍璎傜殑 (said) (鎺¤鍕曟厠

vuccati瑾炲熀vucct鍚屽寲)

(p)pa-(v)vaj pabbajita 宸插嚭瀹 (gone forth)

sam santa 瀵傞潨鐨勩佸瘋姝㈢殑 (calmed) (m + t > n + t)

(s)su suta 宸茶伣鑱炪佽鑱借仦 (heard)

 

锛掞紟閬庡幓鍒嗚鐨勩岃獮鎱嬨嶏細

 

(1) 涓鑸偤銆岃鍕曡獮鎱嬨嶃

(2) 鏌愪簺銆屼笉鍙婄墿鍕曡銆嶅強銆岃鍕曞嫊瑭炪嶅彲琛ㄣ屼富鍕曡獮鎱嬨嶃

 

锛擄紟閬庡幓鍒嗚鐨勩岀敤娉曘嶏細

 

(1) 浣滀竴鑸岃瑐瑾炲嫊瑭(Finite Verb)

 

F 灞屽悕瑭炴у嫊瑭炪嶏細鍕曡鐨勪綔鐢ㄣ佸悕瑭炵殑璁婂寲銆

 

(a) 浣溿岃鍕曞嫊瑭炪(琛ㄩ亷鍘绘垨鐝惧湪瀹屾垚)

 

'Anubbato si pana tvam, Ratthapala, matapituhi agarasma anagari-

yam pabbajjayati ' = 銆岀劧鑰岋紝璩村悞鍜岀緟锛佷綘宸插緱鐖舵瘝鍏佽ū

瀹跺嚭瀹堕亷闈炲鐢熸椿鍡庯紵銆 ('Have you been permitted by your

parents, Ratthapala, to go forth from the home life into home-

lessness ') (M.II.p.56.L13-14, 璩村悞鍜岀緟缍)

' Na kho aham, bhante, anubbato matapituhi agarasma anagariyam

pabbajjayati.' = 銆屽ぇ寰凤紒鎴鏈緱鐖舵瘝鍏佽ū闆㈠鍑哄閬庨潪瀹

鐢熸椿銆傘 ( 'No, venerable sir, I have not been permitted by my

parents to go forth from the home life into homelessness.') (M.

II.p.56.L15-16, 璩村悞鍜岀緟缍)

' Na kho, Ratthapala, Tathagata ananubbatam matapituhi

pabbajentiti.' = 銆岃炒鍚掑拰缇咃紒璜稿渚嗕笉鑱借ū鏈緱鐖舵瘝鍚屾剰

鍑哄锛併 ( 'Ratthapala, Tathagatas do not give the going

forth to anyone who does not have his parents' permission.')

(M.II.p.56.L17-18, 璩村悞鍜岀緟缍)

 

(b) 浣溿屼富鍕曞嫊瑭炪(琛ㄩ亷鍘绘垨鐝惧湪瀹屾垚锛屼綔銆屽畬鎴愬紡銆嶆檪鍙厤鍚

Be鍕曡)

 

 

Mayam gamam upasamkanta (amha). = 鎴戝戝凡鍒版潙瑁° (We

have approached the village.)

 

(2) 浣溿屽悕瑭炪

 

(a) 鏌愪簺閬庡幓鍒嗚鍙綔銆屼腑鎬с佹娊璞″悕瑭炪嶏紝濡傦細

 

bhasitam = 瑷瑾佹墍瑾 (what was spoken,speech)

jivitam = 鐢熷懡 (life)

 

 

(b) 鍙︽湁涓浜涘墖杞夌偤鎸囥屼汉銆(...)锛屽锛

 

tathagata = 濡備締銆佺湡鐞嗕箣寰楄瓑(閬旇嚦) (Thus-gone)

buddha = 浣涢檧銆佽鎮熻 (the Enlightened One)

ananubbata matapituhi = 鏈緱鐖舵瘝鍚屾剰鑰 (one who has not

been permitted by his parents)

 

(3) 閬庡幓鍒嗚鍧囧彲浣溿屽舰瀹硅銆(姝ゆ檪瑾炲熬璁婂寲渚 -a,-a,-a ;鎬с佹暩銆

鏍奸厤鍚堟墍淇>鐨勫悕瑭)

 

kupito khattiyo vadati = 鎲ゆ掔殑鍓庡笣鍒╄ (the angry warrior says)

kilanta rajaputta evam pucchimsu = 鐤叉唺鐨勭帇瀛愬戦欓杭鍟 (thus the

tired princes asked)

 

(4) 鐢ㄦ柤銆岄亷鍘诲垎瑭炲瓙鍙ャ

 

 

So sato va assasati, sato passasati. = 浠栧康鑰屽叆鎭紝蹇佃屽嚭鎭 (Ever

mindful, he breathe in; mindful he breathe out.) (娉細姝よ檿鍒嗚瀛愬彞

琛ㄩ仈鑸囦富瑕佸瓙鍙ャ屽悓鏅傘嶇殑鍕曚綔锛屽嵆鍦ㄤ粬鍏ャ佸嚭鎭殑銆屽悓鏅傘嶏紝

浠栧収蹇冩竻妤氥佹槑鐧姐侀啋瑕猴紞锛 sato 銆屽叿蹇点嶃傚彟澶栵紝va eva

涔嬬暐瑾炲舰锛岀敤渚嗗挤瑾 sato 銆屽収蹇冩竻娓呮妤氱殑銆) (M.I.p.56.L14-

15, 蹇佃檿缍)

 

Puna ca param bhikkhave bhikkhu gacchanto va : gacchamkti pajanati,

thito va : thito 'mhkti pajanati, nisinno va : nisinno 'mhkti pajanati, sayano

va : sayano 'mhkti pajanati. = 鍐嶈咃紝璜告瘮涓橈紒姣斾笜鐣朵粬璧拌矾鐨勬檪鍊欙紝

浠栫煡閬擄細銆屾垜鍦ㄨ蛋璺嶏紱鎴栬咃紝鐣朵粬绔欑珛鐨勬檪鍊锛屼粬鐭ラ亾锛氥屾垜姝

绔欑珛銆嶏紱鎴栬咃紝鐣朵粬鍧愯憲鐨勬檪鍊锛屼粬鐭ラ亾锛氥屾垜姝e潗钁椼嶏紱鎴栬咃紝

鐣朵粬韬轰笅鐨勬檪鍊欙紝浠栫煡閬擄細銆屾垜姝h汉涓嬨嶃 (Again, bhikkhus, when

walking, a bhikkhu understands : ' I am walking ' ; when standing ,he un-

derstands : ' I am standing ' ; when sitting, he understands : ' I am sitting ' ;

when lying down, he understands : ' I am lying down '.) (M.I.p.56.

2-p.57.L1, 蹇佃檿缍)

 

锛旓紟鏁寸悊锛氶亷鍘诲垎瑭炵敤浣溿屽嫊瑭炪嶇殑骞剧ó銆屽彞鍨嬨

 

 

(1) 鐢ㄦ柤銆岃鍕曞彞銆(Passive Sentence)

 

 

鍙ュ瀷涓铏涗富瑭炶鍕曞紡 (Impersonal : It was Ved by A )

 

 

 

by-A it was Ved (琚獳 鍋歏)

Ins. pp.n.s.Nom.

 

 

evam me sutam = 濡傛槸鎴戣仦 (it was heard by me / thus have I heard)

 

鍙ュ瀷浜岋細瀵︿富瑭炶鍕曞紡 ( B were Ved by A )

 

 

 

B by-A were Ved (BA 鍋歏)

Nom. Ins. pp.鎬с佹暩銆佹牸闅 B

 

 

maya ime satta nimmita = 閫欎簺鐪剧敓琚垜鍓甸/鎴戝壍閫犱簡閫欎簺鐪剧敓

(by me these beings were created / I have created these beings)

 

(2) 鐢ㄦ柤銆屼富鍕曞彞銆(Active Sentence)

 

 

鍙ュ瀷涓夛細瀵︿富瑭炰富鍕曞紡 ( A (have) Ved B )

 

 

 

A B Ved (A灏岯鍋歏)

Nom. Acc. pp.鎬с佹暩銆佹牸闅 A

 

 

puriso gamam agato = 姝や汉鍒版潙瀛愪締浜 (the person has come to the

village) (cf.agacchi,aor.)

 

 

璨斥-a 绲愬熬鐨勪腑鎬у悕瑭 (Neuter Nouns in -a)

锛戯紟瑾炲熬璁婂寲

 

 

渚嬶細yana = 杌婁箻(carriage)

 

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

Nom. yan-am yan-ani /-a

Voc. * yan-a yan-ani /-a

Acc. yan-am yan-ani /-e

 

锛掆т腑鎬у瓧鐨勬牸璁婂寲閫氬墖 (涓ф渚)

 

(1) 涓у瓧鑸囧叾灏嶆噳鐨勭敺鎬у瓧涔嬭獮灏惧儏 Nom.sg.pl.Acc.pl.绛変笁铏曟湁

鐣般備富鏍笺佸皪鏍间箣澶栫殑鍏跺畠鍏ó鏍艰畩鍖 (Ins. Dat. ... Loc.) 鑸囥

鐢锋у瓧銆嶇浉鍚屻(渚濄岄暦鐩搞嶇湅锛屽彧鏈夈岄牠銆嶄笉涓妯o紝銆岃韩楂斻嶅畬

鍏ㄤ竴妯c)

 

(2) 涓у瓧鐨勪富鏍笺佸皪鏍煎瓧灏惧叿濡備笅鐗瑰镜锛

 

 

Nom.

Acc.

sg. pl.

-xm -xni

-xm -xni

(a) Nom. = Acc.

(b) Nom.sg.(Acc.sg.) 榧婚煶鍖 (-xm)

(c) Nom.pl.(Acc.pl.) 闀烽煶鍖 ni

 

(3) 涓у瓧銆岃鏁镐富鏍笺佸皪鏍笺佸懠鏍笺嶉櫎鍙敤鑷繁鐨勫瓧灏惧锛屼篃鍙娇

鐢ㄥ叾灏嶆噳鐢锋у瓧鐨勫瓧灏俱備害鍗抽櫎銆屼富鏍煎柈鏁搞嶅锛屼腑鎬у瓧鍙互浣跨敤

鍏跺皪鎳夌敺鎬у瓧鐨勩屾墍鏈夊瓧灏俱(鍗虫暣寮佃〃鏍)

 

锛擄紟-a 绲愬熬鐨勪腑鎬у瓧绀轰緥锛

 

asanam 搴с佸骇鎵 (seat)

kammam 妤佽鐐恒佸伐浣 (work)

kiccham 鍥伴洠 (difficulty)

geham 瀹躲佹埧瀛 (house, building)

gottam 濮撱佹皬濮撱佺ó鎬 (clan)

civaram 琛c佹硶琛 (robe)

danam 鏂界墿銆佸竷鏂 (gift, donation, alms)

dukkham (unhappiness, misery, suffering)

dvaram 闁銆佹埗 (door, gate)

dhanam 璨°佽病鐗 (money, wealth)

pubbam 绂忋佸杽銆佺寰枫佺妤 (merit, good, goodness, meritorious action)

maranam (death)

yojanam 鐢辨棳 (league,14鍏噷)

sahassam 鍗冦佸崈閲 (thousand)

silam (virtue, good conduct)

sukham (happiness)

 

鍙冣у叿鏍肩殑鍩烘湰鐢ㄦ硶 (Instrumental Case)

锛愶紟鍏锋牸鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細锛堟铏曚互-a鐐轰緥锛屽叾椁樿珛鍙冭浠ヤ笅銆屼竴瑕借〃銆嶏級

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

buddha m. > buddh-ena buddh-ehi

buddh-ebhi

phala n. > phal-ena phal-ehi

phal-ebhi

kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-aya kabb-ahi

kabb-abhi

 

锛戯紟鍏锋牸鐨勫熀鏈敤娉

 

(1) 琛ㄧず鍕曚綔鐨勩屽伐鍏枫佹柟寮忋佺媭鎱嬨(... 锛屼互... ...)锛岄氬父鐢

鏂笺岄潪鐢熷懡鍚嶈銆嶃

 

 

pabbaya passati = 浠栦互鏅烘収瑕 (he sees with wise)

sukham kayena phusati = 浠栦互韬Ц妯 (he touches happiness with the

body)

adhivasesi bhagava tunhibhavena = 涓栧皧榛樼劧鎳夎ū (the fortunate

one acquiesced by his silence)

pattena udakam atiharati = 浠栦互缂藉彇姘 (he brings water in a bowl)

 

(2) 琛ㄧず銆岃鍕曞彞銆嶄箣銆屽嫊浣滆呫(... , ...)锛岄氬父鐢ㄦ柤銆屾湁鐢熷懡鍚

瑭炪嶃

 

 

samano maya dittho = 娌欓杸琚垜鐪嬭/鎴戠湅瑕嬫矙闁 (the ascetic was

seen by me/ I saw the ascetic)

bharo bhikkhuna chaddito = 閲嶆摂琚瘮涓樻崹闆/姣斾笜鎹ㄩ洟閲嶆摂 (the

load was thrown away by the bhikkhu)

v

 

闄勶細

鍏锋牸 瑾炲熬璁婂寲 涓瑕

 

(1) 姣嶉煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

buddha m. > buddh-ena buddh-ehi

buddh-a buddh-ebhi

aggi m. > agg-ina agg-ihi

agg-ibhi

bhikkhu m. 姣斾笜 > bhikkh-una bhikkh-uhi

bhikkh-ubhi

----------------------------

phala n. > phal-ena phal-ehi

phal-a phal-ebhi

akkhi n. > akkh-ina akkh-ihi

akkh-ibhi

assu n. > ass-una ass-uhi

ass-ubhi

==================

kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-aya kabb-ahi

kabb-abhi

jati f. > jat-iya jat-ihi

jat-ibhi

nadi f. > nad-iya nad-ihi

nad-ibhi

dhenu f. 鐗$墰 > dhen-uya dhen-uhi

dhen-ubhi

jambu f. 闁绘诞妯 > jamb-uya jamb-uhi

jamb-ubhi

 

(2)瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

attan m. 鑷垜 > attan-a attan-ehi (-ebhi)

att-ena att-ehi

rajan m. > rajin-a raj-uhi (-ubhi)

rabb-a raj-ehi (-ebhi)

raj-ena

 

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

kamman n. > kamman-a kamm-ehi (-ebhi)

kammun-a

kamm-a

kamm-ena

----------------------------

bhagavant m. 涓栧皧 > bhagavat-a bhagavant-ehi

bhagavant-ena bhagavant-ebhi

gacchant m. > gacchat-a gacchant-ehi

(ppr.) gacchant-ena gacchant-ebhi

----------------------------

hatthin m. > hatthin-a hatth-ihi

hatth-ibhi

gamin n. 灏庤 > gamin-a gam-ihi

gam-ibhi

----------------------------

vacas n. > vacas-a vac-ehi

vac-ena vac-ebhi

----------------------------

ayus n. > ayus-a ay-uhi

ay-una ay-ubhi

----------------------------

pitar m. > pitar-a pitar-ehi (-ebhi)

pit-una pit-uhi (-ubhi)

matar f. > matar-a matar-ehi (-ebhi)

mat-uya mat-uhi (-ubhi)

 

(3)浠e悕瑭為鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

ta(d) m.n. > t-ena t-ehi (-ebhi)

n-ena n-ehi (-ebhi)

eta(d) m.n. > et-ena et-ehi (-ebhi)

ima(m) m.n. > im-ina im-ehi (-ebhi)

ehi (ebhi)

ka m.n. > k-ena k-ehi (-ebhi)

ka-ci m.n. > kena-ci kehi-ci (kebhi-ci)

ya(d) m.n. > y-ena y-ehi (-ebhi)

sabba m.n. 涓鍒 > sabb-ena sabb-ehi (-ebhi)

amu m.n. > am-una am-uhi (-ubhi)

----------------------------

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

ta(d) f. > t-aya t-ahi (-abhi)

n-aya n-ahi (-abhi)

eta(d) f. > et-aya et-ahi (-abhi)

ima(m) f. > im-ayai m-ahi (-abhi)

ka f. > k-aya k-ahi (-abhi)

ka-ci f. > kaya-ci kahi-ci (kabhi-ci)

ya(d) f. > y-aya y-ahi (-abhi)

sabba f. 涓鍒 > sabb-aya sabb-ahi (-abhi)

amu f. > am-uya am-uhi (-ubhi)

==================

aham > m-aya (me) amh-ehi (no)

tvam > t-aya (te) tumh-ehi (vo)

 

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