渚濅富閲嬫湯灏句箣銆岄檮灞瓧銆
閬庡幓涓诲嫊鍒嗚 (Past Participles Active)
鐝惧湪琚嫊鍒嗚 (Present Passive Participles)
鏈締涓诲嫊鍒嗚(Future Active Participles)
锛戯紟瑾槑锛
鏌愪簺瀛椾笉鑳藉柈鐛ㄤ娇鐢紝鑰屽彧鑳界敤鍦ㄣ岃鍚堣(Compound)銆(渚濅富閲)鐨勬湯灏撅紝
閫欎簺瀛楀氨绋辩偤銆岄檮灞瓧銆(Dependent words)銆傚畠鍊戦氬父鏄敱鍕曡銆屽瓧鏍广
琛嶇敓鍑轰締锛岃岃綁鐐恒屽悕瑭炪嶏紝缇╄瑐銆岃┎鍕曚綔鏈韩銆嶆垨銆岃┎鍕曚綔鐨勪綔鑰呫嶏紝
浠ヤ笅渚挎槸涓浜涗緥瀛愩
锛掞紟绀轰緥锛
(1) -kara < kar 鍋 (doing, working)
鈥kammakaro = 闆滃焦銆佸偔浜 (worker, doer of work)
(2) -kara < kar Cau. 瑁介 (making)
鈥kumbhakaro = 闄跺斧銆侀櫠宸 (potter, maker of pot)
(3) -(g)gaha < (g)gah 鍩枫佸彇 (seizing)
鈥candaggaho = 鏈堣潟 (eclipse of the moon)
(4) -dhara < dhar 鎸 (holding, remembering)
鈥dhammadharo = 鎸佹硶甯 (memorizer of the doctrine)
(5) -pata < pat Cau. 钀 (dropping, offering, collecting)
鈥pindapado = 渚涢銆佷篂椋 (alms offering, alms collecting)
(6) -ji < ji 鍕 (winning, victorious)
鈥savgamaji = 鎴板嫕鑰 (victorious in fight)
鈥sabbaji = 涓鍒囧嫕鑰(闃跨緟婕) (all-conqueror)
鈥assaji = 闃胯绀恒侀Μ鍕 (浣涘紵瀛愬悕)
(7) -ga < gam琛 (going)
鈥urago = 鑳歌鑰呫佽泧 (going on the chest, i.e. a snake)
(8) -gu < gam琛(閫氥侀仈) (having gone through, being skilled or perfected in)
鈥dhammagu = 鐭ユ硶鑰 (one who knows the Dhamma)
鈥vedagu = 閫氶仈鑰(闃跨緟婕) (one who has attained the highest
knowledge)
(9) -(b)bu < (b)ba鐭 (knowing, recognizing)
鈥kalabbu = 鐭(閬)鏅傝 (knowing the proper time for 鈥)
鈥sabbabbu = 涓鍒囩煡鑰 (all-knowing, the Omniscent One)
(10) -(t)tha < (t)tha浣忋佺珛 (lasting, standing)
鈥kappattha = 浣(鍦扮崉)涓鍔 (remaining (in hell) for a world cycle)
鈥dhammattho = 娉曚綇鑰 (standing in the Law, just, righteous)
(11) -ja < jan鐢 (born, produced, arisen from)
鈥yonija 鑳庣敓 (born from the womb)
鈥varija 姘寸敓鐨 (鎸囪摦鎴栭瓪) (water-born, i.e. a lotus or a fish)
锛戯紟銆屾鎴愩嶈垏銆岃獮灏捐畩鍖栥嶏細
(1) 妲嬫垚锛A. |
-(i)ta绲愬熬鐨勯亷鍘诲垎瑭(pp.) |
锛 |
-vant(a) 鎴 -avin |
B. |
|
锛 |
|
瀹屾垚寮(perf.) 瑾炲熀 |
-vas |
(2) 瑾炲熬璁婂寲锛氳垏瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栫浉鍚岋紝鍗冲垎鍒ラ毃銆-ant(a), ppr.銆
銆-in銆嶅強銆-as銆嶈畩鍖栥
锛掆у瓧渚嬶細
(1) 鐢pp. 鎺 -vant(a) 鎴 -avin鐨
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 聽瀛楁牴 閬庡幓鍒嗚pp.聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 鍔 -vant(a)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 鍔 -avin
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聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kar聽聽聽聽聽 鍋聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kata聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 (katavant)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 katavin
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kil聽聽聽聽聽聽 閬聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kilita聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 --聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kilitavin
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 da聽聽聽聽聽聽 鏂聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 dinna聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 (dinnavant)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 --
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 phus聽聽聽 瑙聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 phuttha聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 (phutthavant)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 --
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhuj聽聽聽聽 椋聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhutta聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhuttavant聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhuttavin
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vi-ji聽聽聽聽 鍕聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vijita聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 (vijitavant)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vijitavin
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vas聽聽聽聽聽 浣聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vusita聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vusitavant聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 (vusitavin)
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 sam聽聽聽聽 闈聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 samita聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 --聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 samitavin
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 su聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 鑱聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 suta聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 sutavant聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 sutavin
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 hu聽聽聽聽聽聽 绁聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 huta聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 (hutavant)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 (hutavin)
鈥 ( ) 涓殑瑾炲舰鍒楁柤鏂囨硶鏇革紝浣嗕笁钘忎腑鏈壘鍒帮紝鏆瓨鐤戙
(2) 鐢perf. 鎺 -vas鐨
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 聽瀛楁牴聽聽聽聽聽 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 瀹屾垚寮聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 鍔 -vas / -dasu / -u
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聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 dis,das聽聽聽聽 瑕聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 dassi聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 dassivas
聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vid聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 鐭聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vida聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vidvas, viddasu, vidu
锛擄紟鎰忕京锛氳〃绀恒岄亷鍘汇佷富鍕曘嶇殑鍕曚綔銆
锛旓紟鐢ㄦ硶锛氬彲浣溿屽悕瑭炪嶃併屽舰瀹硅銆嶆垨銆屽嫊瑭炪(姝ゆ檪鍙付鍙楄)銆
鈥鈥溾 Lokassa antam samitavi batva nasimsati lokam imam parab ca鈥漷i =銆屾礊瑕
涓栭枔閭婏紝瀵傝涓嶅笇姹傦紝姝や笘鑸囦粬涓栥傘(瀵傞潨鑰呮礊瑕嬨庝笘闁撻倞鐩(绌舵サ)銆
涔嬪緦锛屼笉鏈冨笇姹傛涓栬垏浠栦笘銆傘) (鈥淗aving known the world鈥檚 end, a
calmed one longeth not for this world or another.鈥) (A.II.p.49.L5-6, 澧炴敮
閮ㄢх浜屽唺/鍥涢泦鈥х浜旇丹棣搧)
鈥Atha kho Bhagavato Cundassa kammara-puttassa bhattaj bhuttavissa kharo
abadho uppajji = 閭f檪锛屼笘灏鍚冧簡閻靛尃涔嬪瓙绱旈檧(渚涢)鐨椋熺墿涔嬪緦锛屼究
鐢熶簡閲嶇梾銆 (And after having eaten the meal provided by Cunda, the Lord
was attacked by a severe sickness) (D.II.p.127.鍊2-3琛)
锛戯紟妲嬫垚锛氬嵆銆岃鍕曞嫊瑭炪嶇殑銆岀従鍦ㄥ垎瑭炪
琚嫊鍕曡銆岃獮鍩恒 |
锛 |
鐝惧湪鍒嗚瑾炲熬 -nt(a), -mana 鎴 -ana |
锛掞紟瑾炲熬璁婂寲锛氶毃瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勩-ant, ppr.銆嶆垨姣嶉煶绲愬熬鐨勩-a銆嶈畩鍖栥
锛撯у瓧渚嬶細
聽聽聽聽聽 瀛楁牴聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 琚嫊鍕曡聽聽聽聽聽聽 鍔 -nt(a)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 鍔 -mana聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 鍔 -ana
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聽聽聽聽聽 kar聽聽聽聽 鍋聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kariya-ti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kariyamana
聽聽聽聽聽 pucch 鍟聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 pucchiya-ti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 pucchiyana
聽聽聽聽聽 瀛楁牴聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 琚嫊鍕曡聽聽聽聽聽聽 鍔 -nt(a)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 鍔 -mana聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 鍔 -ana
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聽聽聽聽聽 labh聽聽 寰聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 labbha-ti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 labbhamana
聽聽聽聽聽 muc聽聽聽 瑙h劔聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 mucca-ti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 muccant(a)聽聽聽聽聽 muccamana
聽聽聽聽聽 bhaj聽聽 鍒聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhajja-ti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhajjant(a)聽聽聽聽聽 bhajjamana
聽聽聽聽聽 yac聽聽聽 涔炴眰聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 yaciya-ti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 yaciyant(a)聽聽聽聽聽 yaciyamana
锛旓紟鐢ㄦ硶锛氳垏銆岀従鍦(涓诲嫊)鍒嗚銆嶇浉鍚岋紝浣嗘槸锛岃〃閬旂殑鏄岃鍕曘嶇京銆
锛曪紟渚嬪瓙锛
鈥Atha kho Bhagava 鈥 tam bhikkhum patipucchi : 鈥渟accam kira tvam bhikkhu
parissavanam yaciyamano na adasi 鈥漷i = 鏂兼槸锛屼笘灏 鈥 璩晱閭d綅姣斾笜
锛氥屾瘮涓橈紒鑱借鏈(浣嶆瘮涓樺悜浣)涔(鐢)婵炬按鍥婏紝浣犳矑绲︿粬锛岄欐槸鐪熺殑鍡
锛熴(Then the Lord 鈥 questioned this monk, saying : 鈥淚s it true, as is said,
that you, monk, when being asked for a strainer, did not give it 鈥)
(Vin.II.p.118.L31-34, 寰嬭棌鈥у皬鍝佲у皬浜嬬妽搴)
锛戯紟妲嬫垚锛氬嵆銆屾湭渚嗗紡鍕曡銆嶇殑銆岀従鍦ㄥ垎瑭炪
鏈締寮忓嫊瑭炪岃獮鍩恒 |
锛 |
鐝惧湪鍒嗚瑾炲熬 -nt(a) 鎴 -mana |
锛掞紟瑾炲熬璁婂寲锛氶毃瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勩-ant, ppr.銆嶆垨姣嶉煶绲愬熬鐨勩-a銆嶈畩鍖栥
锛撯у瓧渚嬶細
瀛楁牴 鏈締寮忓嫊瑭 3pl. 鍔 -nt(a) 鍔 -mana
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聽聽聽聽聽 kar聽聽聽聽 鍋聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 karissa-nti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 karissant(a)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 karissamana
聽聽聽聽聽 gam聽聽聽 鍘聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 gamissa-nti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 gamissant(a)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 gamissamana
聽聽聽聽聽 da聽聽聽聽聽 鏂聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 dassa-nti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 dassant(a)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 dassamana
聽聽聽聽聽 pass聽聽 瑕聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 passissa-nti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 passissant(a)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 passissamana
聽聽聽聽聽 bhu聽聽聽 鏈聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhavissa-nti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhavissant(a)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhavissamana
锛旓紟鐢ㄦ硶锛氳垏銆岀従鍦(涓诲嫊)鍒嗚銆嶅悓锛屼絾鏄紝琛ㄩ仈鐨勬槸銆屾湭渚嗐嶇京銆