|
鐐烘牸鐨勭敤娉 (Dative Case)
(s)su 鈥鑱鈥 鐨勯亷鍘诲紡 (Aorist)
闂滀總浠e悕瑭 (Relative Pronoun)
闂滀總瀛愬彞 (Relative Clause)
鐤戝晱瑭 (Interrogative)
鐤戝晱鍙 (Interrogtive Sentence)
浠e悕瑭炲舰瀹硅 (Pronominal Adjectives)
锛愶紟鐐烘牸鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細锛堟铏曚互-a鐐轰緥锛屽叾椁樿珛鍙冭浠ヤ笅銆屼竴瑕借〃銆嶏級
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
buddha m. 浣 > buddh-aya buddh-anam
buddh-assa
phala n. 鏋 > phal-aya phal-anam
phal-assa
kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-aya kabb-anam
(1) 涓鑸岃█銆岀偤鏍笺嶇殑瑾炲熬璁婂寲鑸囥屽爆鏍笺嶅悓褰紝浜岃呬笉鏄撳垎杈ㄣ
鍒ゅ垾娉 F 灞牸琛ㄧず銆屽悕瑭炶垏鍚嶈銆嶄箣闂滀總锛岀偤鏍煎墖琛ㄧず銆屽悕瑭炶垏
鍕曡銆嶄箣闂滀總銆
(2) -aya 鐐 -a瑾炲熀(m.n.)鐗规湁鐨勩岀偤鏍艰獮灏俱嶏紝灏堣〃銆屽嫊浣滅殑鐩殑銆
(Dative for purpose)
锛戯紟鐐烘牸鐨勪竴鑸剰缇╋細
(1) 琛ㄩ仈銆屽嫊浣滅洰鐨勩(Dative for Purpose)銆
(2) 浣滃嫊浣滅殑銆岄枔鎺ュ彈瑭炪(Indirect Object)銆
(3) 琛ㄩ仈鍕曚綔銆屽埄鐩婄殑灏嶈薄銆(Dative for Advantage)銆
锛掞紟鐐烘牸鐨勫熀鏈敤娉
(1) 琛ㄩ仈鍕曚綔鐨勩岀洰鐨勩
鈥Atha kho sambahula bhikkhu Savatthim pindaya pavisimsu. = 閭
鏅傦紝鐪惧姣斾笜鍏ヨ垗琛涘煄涔為銆 (Then several monks entered
Savatthi for almsfood.)
鈥Civaram patisevati, yavad - eva sitassa patighataya unhassa patighataya,
... n' eva madaya na mandanaya, yavad - eva ... vihimsuparatiya
brahmacariyanuggahaya. = 鍙楃敤琛f湇鍙槸鐐轰簡椹呴櫎瀵掑喎銆閬鐐
鐔憋紝... 涓﹂潪鐐轰簡鎲嶆參銆鐐轰簡瑁濋>锛岃屽彧鏄瑕 ... 姝㈡伅鎯卞銆璩囩泭
姊佃銆 (Use a robe simply for warding off the cold,for warding off the
heat,... not for indulgence, not for personal charm,but just for ... keeping
it unharmed, for furthering the Brahma-faring.) (M.I.p.10.L5-11,涓鍒
婕忕稉)
(2) 浣滃嫊浣滅殑銆岄枔鎺ュ彈瑭炪
鈥Idh' avuso ekacco danam deti Samanassa va Brahmanassa va annam
panam vattham yanam mala-gandha-vilepanam seyyqvasatha-padi-
peyyam. = 锛堣垗鍒╁紬鍛婅姣斾笜锛氾級闂滄柤姝ら粸锛岃浣嶏紒鏈変竴椤炰汉
甯冩柦锛堢ó绋級鏂界墿鑸囨矙闁鎴栧﹩缇呴杸锛屽锛氶鐗┿侀2鏂欍佽。鏈嶃
杌婁箻銆佽姳楝樸佽柊棣欍佸棣欍佽嚗鍏枫佷綇鎵銆佺噲鐕瓑銆 (Here,
friends, someone gives an ascetic or Brahmin gift -- food, drink,
clothes, transport, garlands,perfumes and ointments, sleeping acco-
mmodation, a dwelling, or lights.) (D.III.p.258.L17-19,绛夎缍)
鈥Bhagava etad avoca : Sabbadhammamulapariyayam vo bhikkhave des-
essami, tam sunatha sadhukam manasikarotha, bhasissamkti.= 涓栧皧
閫欓杭瑾細銆岃姣斾笜锛鎴戝皣鏁欏皫浣犲銆庨棞鏂间竴鍒囨硶瀛樺湪涔嬫牴鏈忛
闋呮暀瑾紝浠旂窗鑱斤紝濂藉ソ鎬濇儫锛佹垜灏辫瑾簡銆傘 (The Blessed One
said this : " Bhikkhus, I shall teach a discourse on the root of all things.
Listen and attend closely to it,I shall say.") (M.I.p.1.L4-6,鏍规湰娉曢杸缍)
(3) 浣滄煇浜涚壒瀹氬嫊瑭炵殑銆屽嫊浣滃皪璞°
鈥Tatra kho Bhagava bhikkhu amantesi: Bhikkhavo ti. Bhadante ti te bhik-
khu Bhagavato paccassosum. = 鍦ㄩ偅鍏掞紝涓栧皧鍚戞瘮涓樺戣锛氥岃
姣斾笜锛併嶃岃佸斧锛併嶏細姣斾笜鍊鍥炵瓟涓栧皧銆 (There the Blessed One
addressed the bhikkhus thus : "Bhikkhus." - " Venerable sir," they replied.
) (娉細patissunati < pati-(s)su銆屾噳銆佺瓟銆) (M.III.p.248.L2-4,璜﹀垎
鍒ョ稉)
鈥闄pati-(s)su涔嬪锛岄倓鏈夎ū澶氬嫊瑭烇紝鍏躲屽嫊浣滃皪璞°嶄篃缈掓叄鐢ㄣ
鐐烘牸銆嶏紝濡傦細
(a) khamati < (k)kham
鈥т护鏌愪汉(Dat.)鍠滄, to please (like) sb.(Dat.)
鈥у牚蹇嶆煇浜(Dat.)鏌愪簨, to endure sb.(Dat.) st.(Acc.)
(b) upatthahati (upatthati) < upa-(t)tha
鈥ч毃渚嶃佺湅璀锋煇浜(Dat.), to serve/attend on/to sb.(Dat.)
(c) dharati < dhar
鈥瀹堣鏌愪汉(Dat.)銆佹妸鏌愮墿(Acc.)绲︿簣鏌愪汉(Dat.),to shelter
sb.(Dat.); to hold st.(Acc.) for/over sb.(Dat.)
(d) aroceti < a-ruc
鈥у憡鐭ユ煇浜(Dat.)鏌愪簨(Acc.), to inform sb.(Dat.) st.(Acc.)
鈥 娉ㄦ剰锛amanteti < a-mant ,鍛婄煡鏌愪汉(Acc.)鏌愪簨(Acc.)
锛屽彫鍠氭煇浜(Acc.)锛to tell sb.(Acc.) st.(Acc.),
to call sb. (Acc.)锛鍕曚綔灏嶈薄瑕佺敤銆Acc.銆嶃
(e) kuppati < kup
鈥у皪鏌愪汉(Dat.)鐧兼, to be angry at sb.(Dat.)
(f) sapati < sap
鈥у拻缃点佽鍜掓煇浜(Dat.), to curse sb.(Dat.)
(g) pihayati,piheti < pih
鈥ф复鏈涖佸笇姹傛煇鐗(Dat.), to long for st.(Dat.)
(h) pakkhayati < (p)pa-(k)kha
鈥ф煇浜嬬墿灏嶆煇浜(Dat.)(鑰岃█)娓呮, st. to be clear to sb.(Dat.)
(i) patubhavati < patu(r)-bhu
鈥ф煇鐗╁皪鏌愪汉(Dat.)椤従, st. to appear to sb.(Dat.)
锛擄紟鐐烘牸鐨勯蹭竴姝ョ敤娉
(1) 鏌愪簺鏈夊嫊瑭炴剰鍛崇殑銆屽舰瀹硅銆,濡 piya = 鍙剾鐨(dear)銆manapa
= 浠や汉鍠滄鐨(pleasing,charming)锛屼篃鍙栫偤鏍间綔灏嶈薄銆(A (Nom.) 灏
B鑰岃█(Dat.)鏄彲鎰涚殑 = A浠B鍠滄剾 = B鍠滄剾A)
鈥Seyyatha pi Ananda pita puttanam piyo hoti manapo, evam eva kho
Ananda raja Maha-sudassano brahmana-gahapatikanam piyo ahosi
manapo. = 闃块洠锛佺尪濡傜埗瑕鐐哄瀛愬戞墍鎰涙暚銆佹墍鍠滄锛屽氨鍍忛欐ǎ
锛岄樋闆o紒澶у杽瑕嬬帇鐐虹溇濠嗙緟闁銆佸眳澹墍鎰涙暚銆佹墍鍠滄銆 (Ananda,
just as a father is beloved by his children. Ananda, so the King Maha-
sudassana was beloved by the Brahnins and house-holders.) (D.II.p.
178.L2-5,澶у杽瑕嬬帇缍)
(2) 琛ㄩ仈銆岀洰鐨勩嶇殑鎱g敤娉曪細
|
A (Gen.) + atthaya (Dat.) |
鐐轰簡A , (for the sake of A) |
鈥So evam assa codetabbo : " Ayasma kho yass' atthaya agarasma anagari-
yam pabbajito so te samabbattho ananuppatto, tam tvam samabbattham
ananupapunitva savakanam dhammam desesi : ' idam vo hitaya, idam
vo sukhayqti.' ..." = 浠栨噳琚欐ǎ瑷惰铂锛氥屼綘灏氭湭鐛插緱娌欓杸娉曢欓爡鐩
-- 閫欐槸灏婅呴洟瀹跺嚭瀹堕亷闈炲鐢熸椿鐨勭洰鐨銆備綘鏈嵅寰楁矙闁娉曢欓爡鐩
锛岀劧鑰屼綘鍗诲皪寮熷瓙鍊戦枊绀烘暀娉曪細銆庨欐槸鐐轰簡浣犲戠殑鍒╃泭锛岄欐槸鐐轰簡浣
鍊戠殑瀹夋▊銆傘...銆 (He should be blamed, saying : " This venerable one has
gone forth from the household life into homelessness, but who has not gain
the goal of asceticism. And without having gained this goal, he teaches his
disciples a doctrine, saying : 'This is for your good, this is for your happi-
ness.' ...") (D.I.p.231.L2-6,闇查伄缍)
(3) 涓嶈畩鍖栬alam涔熷父閰嶅悎銆岀偤鏍笺嶏細
(a) 琛ㄩ仈銆屽彧鏄偤浜嗚冻浠...銆(鍐嶅灏辫秴鍑烘墍闇), enough (sufficient
,adequate) for st.(Dat.) or sb.(Dat.)
鈥Yo vo maya pindapato anubbato, alam vo so yavad eva imassa
kayassa thitiya yapanaya vihimsgparatiya brahmacariyanuggah-
aya. = 鎴戠偤浣犲戝埗瀹氱殑(鎴栵紝鎳夎ū浣犲戠殑)鎵樼冀锛鍍呭儏鏄偤浜嗚畵
浣犲戣冻浠ュ畨浣銆佸瓨绾岄欏嬭韩楂旓紝姝㈡伅鎯卞锛岃硣鐩婃⒌琛屻 (The
alms-food which I have ordained for you (or, allowed you) is just
enough for you for support and sustenance of the body, for keeping
it unimpaired for the furtherance of the holy life.) (D.III.p.130.L9-
11,娓呮法缍)
(b) 琛ㄩ仈銆屾嫆绲(refusal)銆嶆垨銆屽嫺姝€嶏細
鈥alam me = 鎴戜笉瑕 (澶犱簡) ,it is enough for me, I won't
(4) 鍚﹀畾鍒嗚 abhabba (adj.) = 涓嶆渻銆佷笉鍙兘 (unable,impossible)锛屾帴
銆屽嫊浣滃悕瑭炵殑鐐烘牸銆(incapable of Action-Noun (Dat.))
鈥Seyyathapi,Sunakkhatta, talo matthakacchinno abhabbo puna virulhiya ...
= 鍠勬槦锛佹濡備竴妫垫埅鏂锋ü闋殑澶氱緟妯逛笉鑳藉啀鐢熼暦涓妯o紝... (Suna-
kkhatta,just as a palm tree with its top cut off is incapable of growing
again,...) (M.II. p.256.L3-4,鍠勬槦缍)
(5) 浣滅偤琛ㄧず銆屽杽鎰(good wishes)銆-- 绁濈銆佹杩庛佺Ξ鏁 -- 鐨勩屽皪璞°嶃
鈥Namo tassa Bhagavato arahato sammasambuddhassa. = 鐨堟暚褰间笘灏娿侀樋
缇呮饥銆佹閬嶈鑰咃紒 (Salutations to the Blessed One, the Exalted,the Fully
Enlightened One !)
鈥Bhaddam bhavato hotu ! = 椤樻偍濡傛剰锛 (Good luck to you !)
鈥Svagatam bhavato hotu ! = 姝¤繋鎮紝澶у痉锛 (Wel-come to you !)
Svagatam ! = 姝¤繋锛(鍠-渚嗭紒) (Wel-come !)
鈥Sotthi bhadante hotu rabbo, sotthi janapadassqti. = 銆屽皧鑰咃紒椤樹护鍦嬬帇
骞冲畨锛侀浠ゅ湅鍦熷钩瀹夛紒銆 (鈥淩everend Sir, spare the king, spare the
land !鈥) (D.I.p.96.L18,闃挎懇鏅濈稉)
(6) 琛ㄩ仈銆岀洰鐨勩嶇殑鐐烘牸(Dative for Purpose) 鑸囧嫊瑭炵殑銆屼笉瀹氶珨(Infini-
tive)銆嶆剰鎬濅竴妯c (瑭冲弮涓嬪唺绗叓绔犵鍥涚瘈銆屼笉瀹氶珨鐨勭敤娉曘)
(7) 甯哥敤鐨勬叄鐢ㄨ獮Kalo锛
琛ㄩ仈銆屽仛鏌愪簨(Dat.)鐨勬伆鐣舵檪姗(Kalo)銆(the proper time (oppor-
tunity) for st.(Dat.))锛岃┎浜嬬敤銆岀偤鏍笺嶃
鈥'Kalo bho Gotama, nitthitam bhattan ti' = 銆屽皧鑰呯灴鏇囷紒鏄锛堢敤椁愮殑锛
鏅傚欎簡锛岄/鑿滃凡缍撳倷濡ャ傘 ("It is time, Reverend Gotama, the meal
is ready.") (D.I.p.109.L27-28,闃挎懇鏅濈稉)
鈥' Etassa Bhagava kalo, etassa Sugata kalo. Yam Bhagava dhammam des-
eyya, Bhagavato sutva bhikkhu dharessantiti ' =銆屼笘灏婏紒閫欐鏄檪鍊
锛佸杽閫濓紒閫欐鏄檪鍊欙紒-- 鑻ヤ笘灏婏紙姝ゆ檪锛夐枊绀烘暀娉曪紝姣斾笜鍊戣伣浜嗕笘
灏婏紙鐨勯枊绀猴級涔嬪緦锛屽皣鏈冨彈鎸侊紙涓嶅繕锛夛紒銆 (" This is the time, Ble-
ssed One, this is the time, Sublime One, for the Blessed One to teach the
Dhamma. Having heard it from the Blessed One, the bhikkhus will remem-
ber it.") (M.II.p.253.L3-4,鍠勬槦缍)
鈥'Alam (dani) Ananda, ma Tathagatam yaci, akalo dani Ananda Tatha-
gatam yacanayqti' = 銆屽ソ浜嗭紙澶犱簡锛夛紝闃块洠锛佸垾璜嬫眰濡備締浜嗭紒
闃块洠锛佺従鍦涓嶆槸璜嬫眰濡備締鐨勬檪鍊欎簡锛併 (" Enough, Ananda, do
not beg the Tathagata,it is not the right time for that !) (D.II.p.115.
L5-6,澶ц埇娑呮缍)
鈥Handa ca dani mayam bhante gacchama, bahukicca mayam bahukaraniya
ti -- Yassa dani tvam Pessa kalam mabbaskti = 濂藉惂锛屽ぇ寰凤紒鎴戝戠従
鍦ㄨ鍛婅经锛堥洟鍘伙級浜嗐傛垜鍊戦倓鏈夎ū澶氫簨鎯呫佽ū澶氳鍕欒鍋氬憿锛 --
璨濊垗锛佸浣犳墍鎯崇殑锛岀従鍦姝f槸锛堥洟鍘荤殑锛夋檪鍊欎簡锛 (And now, vene-
rable sir,we are going to depart. We are busy and have much to do. -- Now
is the time,Pessa,to do as you think fit.) (M.I.p.342.L6-8,涔鹃仈缇呰喀缍)
锛戯紟(s)su < wru = 鑱借仦 (hear)锛屽叾閬庡幓寮忔湁銆屾摯澧炪嶃傚柈鏁稿強绗笁浜虹ū瑜
鏁稿瓧鏍硅寮峰寲锛屽嵆 (s)su > (s)so锛岃獮灏惧彇 si- 闁嬮牠鐨勪竴绲 (-si,-si,-sim,
-sum濡傜涓冮鍕曡)銆傛暣鍊嬭獮灏捐畩鍖栧涓嬶細
|
< (s)su > |
sg. |
pl. |
|
3rd. |
a-s-so-si (浠栭偅鏅鑱借仦) |
a-s-so-sum (浠栧戦偅鏅鑱借仦) |
|
2nd. |
a-s-so-si (浣犻偅鏅鑱借仦) |
a-s-su-ttha (浣犲戦偅鏅鑱借仦) |
|
1st. |
a-s-so-sim (鎴戦偅鏅鑱借仦) |
a-s-su-mha (鎴戝戦偅鏅鑱借仦) |
锛掞紟(p)pati-(s)su = 鎳夈佺瓟 (agree,assent to)锛岀従鍦ㄥ紡鐐patissunati (3sg.)锛
閬庡幓寮忕偤
pacc-a-s-so-si (3sg.)銆 (娉ㄦ剰锛ti + 姣嶉煶 > cc + 姣嶉煶)
闂滀總浠e悕瑭 ya(d) = 閭e嬨佸叾銆佽┎(who,which,what)锛屾牸璁婂寲鑸 ta(d)
涓妯(鏈変笁绋у垾)銆
m.鐢锋 n.涓 f.濂虫
sg. pl. sg. pl. sg. pl.
Nom. Acc. Ins. Dat. Gen. |
y-o y-e y-am y-e y-ena y-ehi y-ebhi y-assa y-esam y-esanam (鍚Dat.) |
N. Ac. Ins. D. G. |
yad /y-am y-ani yad /y-am y-ani
(鍚岀敺鎬) |
N. Ac. Ins. D. G. |
y-a y-a(yo) y-am y-a(yo) y-aya y-ahi y-abhi y-aya y-asam y-assa
y-asanam (鍚Dat.) |
鈻 涓枃/鑻辨枃涓殑渚嬪瓙锛
鈥уぉ绁炵湅瑕鈥閭鈥鏂借垏鏂界墿鐨鈥濂冲鈥銆
(澶╃鐪嬭鈥閭鈥 鈥濂冲鈥锛鈥瑭鈥 鈥濂冲鈥鏂借垏鏂界墿銆)
(God sees the girl 'who' gave gifts.)
鈥у﹩缇呴杸鍒鈥閭鈥鍦嬬帇绔欒憲鐨鈥灞变笂鈥鍘汇
(The brahmin goes to the mountain 'on which' the king stands.)
鍦ㄩ棞淇傝鍙ヤ腑锛屾湁鍏╁嬮噸瑕佺殑鎴愪唤锛屼竴鏄岄棞淇備唬鍚嶈銆嶏紝鍙︿竴鏄棞
淇備唬鍚嶈鎵绋变唬鐨勯偅鍊嬪悕瑭烇紝绋辩偤銆屽厛琛岃銆(Antecedent)銆傚涓婁緥涓
锛屻岃┎(銆侀偅)锛who锛which銆嶇偤闂滀總浠e悕瑭烇紱鑰屽畠鍊戞墍绋变唬鐨勩屽コ瀛
銆佸北銆嶅墖鐐哄厛琛岃銆(銆岄偅銆嶅彲瑕栫偤鎸囩ず褰㈠瑭)
锛戯紟闂滀總瑜囧彞鐨勪竴鑸彞鍨嬶細(涓夎浠躲佸叐鍙ュ瀷)
|
<闂滀總瀛愬彞 (寰炲爆瀛愬彞) ...... > , <涓昏瀛愬彞 ......> 闂滀總浠e悕瑭 [A,鍏堣瑭瀅 ...... , 鎸囩ず浠e悕瑭 [B,鍏堣瑭] ..... |
鈻 瑾槑锛
(1) 涓鍊嬨岄棞淇傝鍙ャ嶇敱銆岄棞淇傚瓙鍙ャ嶈垏銆屼富瑕佸瓙鍙ャ嶆鎴愶紝銆岄棞淇備唬
鍚嶈銆嶅紩灏庨棞淇傚瓙鍙ワ紝銆屾寚绀轰唬鍚嶈銆(姝よ檿鍙堢ū銆岀浉闂滆Co-relative
銆)
寮曞皫涓昏瀛愬彞銆傞氬父闂滀總瀛愬彞鍦ㄥ墠锛屼富瑕佸瓙鍙ュ湪寰屻
(2) 鍏堣瑭炲彲鏀惧湪浣嶇疆 [A] 鎴 [B]锛屽洜姝ゆ湁鍏╃ó鍙ュ瀷銆
(3) 銆岄棞淇備唬鍚嶈銆佹寚绀轰唬鍚嶈銆佸厛琛岃銆嶄笁鑰 (涓夎浠) 浠h〃鍚屼竴鍏
瀹(涓変綅涓楂)锛屾晠銆屾с佹暩銆嶉爤涓鑷达紱浣嗐屾牸銆嶅墖瑕栧悇鑷湪鍏舵墍灞
瀛愬彞涓墍鎵紨鐨勮鑹(鍗虫墍璧风殑鏂囨硶浣滅敤)鑰屽畾銆
渚嬶細 God sees the girl 'who' gave gifts 绁炵湅瑕鈥閭鈥鏂借垏鏂界墿鐨勫コ瀛
瑭 鈥濂冲鈥 鏂借垏 鏂界墿 , 濂 绁 鐪嬭
A: F Who銆girl銆gave gifts , her God sees (鍙ュ瀷 1)
B: F Who gave gifts , her 銆girl銆 God sees (鍙ュ瀷 2)
鈫 鈫 鈫
闂滀總浠e悕瑭 鎸囩ず浠e悕瑭 鍏堣瑭 (涓夎浠讹細涓変綅涓楂)
锛掞紟鍙ュ瀷渚嬪彞锛
(1) 澶╃鐪嬭鈥閭鈥鏂借垏鏂界墿鐨鈥濂冲鈥銆
A. Ya kabba danani adasi , tam devo passati.
(f.sg.N.) (f.sg.N.) (f.sg.Ac.)
B. Ya danani adasi , tam kabbam devo passati.
(f.sg.N.)
(f.sg.Ac.) (f.sg.Ac.)
(2) 濠嗙緟闁鍒鈥閭鈥鍦嬬帇绔欒憲鐨鈥灞变笂鈥鍘汇
A. Yasmim girismim raja titthati , tam brahmano gacchati.
(m.sg.Loc.) (m.sg.Loc.) (m.sg.Ac.)
B. Yasmim raja titthati , tam girim brahmano gacchati.
(m.sg.Loc.) (m.sg.Ac.) (m.sg.Ac.)
锛擄紟缍撴枃渚嬪彞
鈥Yam icchimsu tam akamsu, yam na icchimsu na tam akamsu. = 浠栧戝仛[閭]浠
鍊戞兂鍋氱殑锛屼笉鍋[閭]浠栧戜笉鎯冲仛鐨勩 (They did what they wanted to do and
not what they did not want to do.) (D.I.p.141.鍊3-4琛,绌剁緟妾闋稉)
鈥Yo kho Vakkali dhammam passati so mam passati; yo mam passati so dhammam
passati. = 璺嬭喀姊紒[閭]瑕嬫硶鑰[浠]鍗宠鎴戯紝[閭]瑕嬫垜鑰[浠]鍗宠娉曘 (He
who sees the truth, Vakkali, he sees me; he who sees me sees the truth.)
(S.III.p.120.L28-29,璺嬭喀姊)
鈥Yo vo Ananda maya Dhammo ca Vinayo ca desito pabbatto, so vo mam'
accayena Sattha. = 闃块洠锛佹垜鐐轰綘鍊戝瑾佹柦瑷殑 [閭]銆屾硶銆嶈垏銆屽緥銆
锛屽湪鎴戞粎寰岋紝[瀹] 灏辨槸浣犲戠殑澶у斧锛 (Ananda, what I have taught and
explained to you as Dhamma and discipline will, at my passing, be your
teacher.) (D.II.p.154.L5-7,澶ц埇娑呮缍)
鈥Lokasamudayam kho kaccayana yathabhutam sammappabbaya passato, ya
loke natthita sa na hoti. Lokanirodham kho kaccayana yathabhutam samm-
appabbaya passato, ya loke atthita sa na hoti. = 杩︽梼寤讹紒涓鍊嬩互姝g⒑鏅烘収
濡傚鐓ц涓栭枔闆嗚捣鐨勪汉锛屼笉鏈冩姳鎸 [閭]銆屼笘闁鐒銆嶇殑瑕嬭В銆備竴鍊嬩互姝
纰烘櫤鎱у瀵︾収瑕嬩笘闁撻倓婊呯殑浜猴紝涓嶆渻鎶辨寔 [閭]銆屼笘闁鏈銆嶇殑瑕嬭В銆
(Kaccayana, to him who perceives with right wisdom the uprising of the world
as it has come to be, the notion of non-existence in the world does not occur.
Kaccayana, to him who perceives with right wisdom the ceasing of the world
as it has come to be, the notion of existence in the world does not occur.)
(鍙 F闆滈樋鍚301缍(鍖栬喀鏃冨欢缍)锛氥屼笘闁撻泦濡傚姝g煡瑕嬶紝鑻ヤ笘闁撶劇
鑰呬笉鏈夛紱涓栭枔婊呭瀵︽鐭ヨ锛岃嫢涓栭枔鏈夎呯劇鏈夈傘) (S.12.15,II.p.17.L
10-13,杩︽梼寤舵皬)
锛旓紟鍏跺畠鐢ㄦ硶
(1) 鍏朵粬銆岀浉闂滆銆(Co-relative)
闄ゆ寚绀轰唬鍚嶈澶栵紝鍏跺畠銆屼唬鍚嶈銆嶆垨銆屼唬鍚嶈褰㈠瑭炪(Pronominal
adjective) 濡 sabba = 涓鍒(all), abba = 鍏朵粬(other), abbatara =
鏌愬(a certain), apara = 鍒ョ殑(another), para = 鍒ョ殑(other,another)
绛夊潎鍙綔鐐恒岀浉闂滆銆嶏紝寮曞皫涓昏瀛愬彞銆
鈥Ye ca tasmim satthe ahesum manussa va pasu va, sabbe so yakkho ama-
nusso bhakkhesi. = (鏄)闈炰汉涔嬪鍙夊悆鎺鎵鏈[閭d簺]鍟嗛殜涓殑浜恒佺暅
銆(Those men or cattle who were in the caravan, the yakkha non-human
being devoured them all.) (D.II.p.344.L20-22,寮婂缍)
(2) 鐩搁棞瑭炵殑銆岀渷鐣ャ
鏌愪簺鎯呮硜锛屼富瑕佸瓙鍙ュ彲鑳姐岀渷鐣ョ浉闂滆銆嶏紝渚嬪銆岀洿鎺ユ晿杩(direct
speech)銆嶆垨鐣躲屽皥鏈夊悕瑭(proper name)銆嶄綔涓昏瀛愬彞涔嬪厛琛岃鏅傘
鈥Ahab ca vat' amhi sekho sakaraniyo, Satthu ca me parinibbanam bhav-
issati yo mamam anukampako ti. = 鍞夛紒鎴戦倓鏄鑰咃紝灏氭湁鎳夊仛(鏈仛
)锛岃[閭]鎱堟啱鎴戠殑澶у斧灏辫鑸秴妲冧簡锛 (Alas, I am still a learner with
much to do ! And the Teacher is passing away, who was so compassionate
to me ! ) (D.II.p.143.L21-23,澶ц埇娑呮缍)
(3) 闂滀總浠e悕瑭(鎴栭棞淇傚壇瑭)鑸囩浉闂滆鐨勩岄噸瑜囥
閲嶈闂滀總浠e悕瑭炶垏鐩搁棞瑭烇紝琛ㄧず銆屾硾绋便(universal)锛屽 yo yo =
浠讳綍浜(whoever), yam yam = 浠讳綍浜嬬墿(whatever), yattha yattha =
浠讳綍鍦版柟(wherever), yatha yatha = 浠讳綍鏂瑰紡銆佺劇璜栧浣(however,
in whatever way)銆
鈥Sace kho aham yo yo paresam adinnam theyyasamkhatam adiyissati
tassa tassa dhanam anuppadassami, evam idam adinnqdanam pa-
vaddhissati. = 濡傛灉鎴戞妸璨″璩滅郸浠讳綍鐢ㄥ伔鐩滄墜娈电洔鍙栦粬浜烘湭鑸囦箣
鐗鑰锛岄欐ǎ閫欎笉鑸囧彇(鍋风洔)灏囨渻澧為暦銆 (If I give property to every-
one who takes what is not given by means of theft, thus this theft will
increase more and more.) (D.III.p.67.L9-11,杞夎吉鑱栫帇鐛呭瓙鍚肩稉)
(4) 鍏堣瑭炵殑銆屽挤瑾裤嶏細
闂滀總浠e悕瑭炲緦闈㈠彲鑳芥帴涓鍊嬫寚绀轰唬鍚嶈渚嗗挤瑾垮厛琛岃锛屼緥濡傦細
鈥Yo so satto pathamam upapanno, tassa evam hoti : aham asmi brahma.
= 閭鏈鍏堣綁鐢熺殑鏈夋儏[浠]閫欓杭鎯筹細銆屾垜鏄⒌澶┿嶃 ( ' That being'
who has come into existence first thinks he is God.) (D.I.p.18.L5-6,
姊电恫缍)
鈥Yam tam jatam bhutam savkhatam paloka-dhammam, tam vata ma pa-
lujjkti n' etam thanam vijjati. = 閭 宸茬敓璧枫佸凡褰㈡垚銆佸凡鑱氳捣鐨锛堝嵆
鏈夌偤鐨勶級浜嬬墿鍗冲叿澹炴粎涔嬫ц唱锛(閫欐ǎ鐨勪簨鐗╋紝)瑕瀹涓嶅锛岄欐槸
涓嶅彲鑳界殑锛 (Whatever is born, become, compounded is subject to
decay - how could it be that it should not pass away ) (D.II.p.144.L
13-15,澶ц埇娑呮缍)
(5) 涓嶈畩鍖栭棞淇傝 (Relative Indeclinables)
(A) yada /tada 绛
鈥yada ... , tada ... = 鐣 ... , 閭f檪 ... (when /then)
鈥yadi ... , tada ... = 鑻 ... , 鍓 ... (if /then)
鈥yattha ... , tattha ... = 瑭茶檿 ... , 姝よ檿 ... (where /there)
鈥yatha ... , tatha ... = 姝e ... , 閫欐ǎ ... (as /in this way)
鈥 yasma ... , tasma ... = 鍥犵偤 ... , 鎵浠 ... (since /therefore)
鈥 tatha 鈥 , yatha 鈥 = (濡傛 鈥 , ) 浠ヤ究 鈥 (so /that)
(B) yam 鐨勩岄潪浜虹ū鐢ㄦ硶銆(impersonal sense) = that,what锛岃〃绀
涓绋屼簨浠躲佺媭娉併嶏紝鑰岄潪绋变唬鏌愬悕瑭炪
鈥hoti kho so samayo yam ... ayam loko vivattati = 鏈[閫欐ǎ]涓鍊
鏅傚欙紝[閭f檪鍊欙紝]鈥︹姝や笘闁撶敓鎴 (there is indeed the time
' that (ie,when) ' ... this world evolves)
鈥thanam etam vijjati yam ... = 姝ゆ儏娉佹槸鍙兘鐨勶紝閭e氨鏄鈥...
(it is possible 'that' ... )
(C) 鎱g敤瑾 yad idam = 閭e氨鏄佷害鍗(that is,i.e.,as for example,
as, such as)
鈥Ekayano ayam bhikkhave maggo sattanam visuddhiya sokapari-
ddavanam samatikkamaya dukkhadomanassanam atthagamaya
bayassa adhigamaya nibbanassa sacchikiriyaya yadidam cattaro
satipatthana. = 璜告瘮涓橈紒閫欐槸涓姊濄屼竴瓒e悜閬撱嶁斺斿緱浠ユ竻娣
鐪剧敓銆佽秴瓒婃唫鎮层佹伅婊呰嫤鎯便佽叮鍏ユ鐞嗐佷綔璀夋秴妲冣斺鍗銆
鍥涘康铏曘嶃 ( 鈥淏hikkhus, this is the direct path for the purifica-
tion of beings, for the surmounting of sorrow and lamentation,
for the disappearance of pain and grief, for the attainment of the
true way, for the realisation of Nibbana - namely, the four foun-
dations of mindfulness.鈥 ) (娉細Ekayano maggo鍖楀偝闃垮惈甯
浣溿屼竴涔橀亾銆嶏紝濡傞洔闃垮惈607缍擄紝閫欐亹鎬曟槸瑾ょ偤Eka-yana
鑰屼締銆傚張锛屾瑾炶嫳璀父浣鈥淥nly path鈥(Rhys Davids),鈥漇ole way鈥
(Nynaponika Thera), 鈥淥nly way鈥 (Soma Thera),浣垮緱涓鑸父浠ョ偤
銆屽洓蹇佃檿銆嶆硶闁鏄氬線娑呮鐨勩屽敮涓銆嶉亾璺備簨瀵︿笂锛Eka-
ayana鎰忚瑐銆屽柈涓瓒e悜鐨勩嶃併岃叮鍚戝柈涓鐩鐨勩(leading to
one goal)锛屾寚鐨勬槸銆岀洰妯欑殑鍞竴銆嶏紝鑰岄潪銆屾柟娉(閬撹矾)鐨勫敮
涓銆嶃備篃灏辨槸锛屼换浣曚汉鍙涓嶆柗淇繏鍥涘康铏曪紝渚夸繚璀夈岀洿鍚
娑呮銆嶏紝涓嶆渻鏈夊矓鑷冲乏閬撴梺闁鐨勫嵄闅傚洜姝わ紝蹇佃檿娉曢杸闆栭潪
閫氬線娑呮鐨勩屽敮涓閬撹矾銆嶏紝涓嶉亷鍗绘槸銆岀洿鎴佺┅鐣躲嶄箣閬撱
) (M.I.p.55.鏈-p.56.L3,蹇佃檿缍)
(D) yena 閰嶅悎銆岃鍕曞嫊瑭(verb of motion)銆嶈〃閬斻岃鍕曠殑瓒e悜銆=
寰瑭茶檿(where,toward)銆傛敞鎰忥紝鍏躲岃叮鍚戣檿銆嶅繀闋堢敤銆屼富鏍笺嶃
鈥yena yena gacchati = 鐒¤珫浠栧幓鍝! (wherever he goes)
鈥yena gamo tena upasamkami = 浠栧埌鏉戝瓙鍘 (he approached the
village)
锛戔х枒鍟忎唬鍚嶈
鈥ka = 瑾般佷粈楹(who,which,what)锛屾牸璁婂寲鍚ta(d) (鏈変笁绋у垾)銆
m.鐢锋 n.涓 f.濂虫
sg. pl. sg. pl. sg. pl.
Nom. Acc. Ins. Dat. Gen. |
k-o k-e k-am k-e k-ena k-ehi k-ebhi k-assa k-esam k-issa k-esanam (鍚Dat.) |
N. Ac. Ins. D. G. |
* kim k-ani * kim k-ani
(鍚岀敺鎬) |
N. Ac. Ins. D. G. |
k-a k-a(yo) k-am k-a(yo) k-aya k-ahi k-assa k-abhi k-aya k-asam k-assa
k-asanam (鍚Dat.) |
锛掆х枒鍟忋屼唬鍚嶈褰㈠瑭炪
鈥katama = 浠楹煎収瀹广佸摢浜涘収瀹(which one)锛屾с佹暩銆佹牸渚 ta(d)锛
闅ㄦ墍淇>鐨勫悕瑭炶畩鍖栥(瑾炲熬鍚屼笂琛紝濡傦細m.sg.Nom.= katam-o)銆
锛撯х枒鍟忓壇瑭烇細(娌掓湁鏍艰畩鍖)
鈥katham = 濡備綍 (how)
鈥kattha/kuttha = 鍝! (where)
鈥kada = 浣曟檪 (when)
鈥kasma(t) = 鐐轰綍 (why)
锛戯紟銆屽惈鐤戝晱瑭炪嶇殑鐤戝晱鍙ワ細
宸村埄瑾炰腑娌掓湁銆銆嶏紝鍙ヤ腑鍚岀枒鍟忚銆嶅嵆鐐虹枒鍟忓彞銆
鈥Katamab c' avuso, dukkham ariyasaccam = 璜镐綅鏈嬪弸锛佷粈楹兼槸鑻﹁仏璜
鐨勫収瀹瑰憿锛 (and what, your reverences, is the ariyan truth of anguish )
鈥Katama c' avuso, jati = 璜镐綅鏈嬪弸锛佷粈楹兼槸銆岀敓銆嶇殑鍏у鍛紵 (and
what, your reverences, is birth )
鈥Katamo c' avuso, soko = 璜镐綅鏈嬪弸锛佷粈楹兼槸銆屾唫銆嶇殑鍏у鍛紵 (and
what, your reverences, is grief )
锛掞紟銆屼笉鍚枒鍟忚銆嶇殑鐤戝晱鍙ワ細
(1) 闋堢敱鍓嶅緦鏂囪剤(Context)鍒ゆ柗鏄惁浣滅枒鍟忋
(2) 鏈夋檪浠ャ屽掕鍙ャ嶈〃閬旂枒鍟 (鍗筹紝鍕曡鍓嶇疆)銆
鈥khamati te idam = 浣犲枩姝¢欏嬪棊锛 (閫欏嬩护浣犳鍠滃棊锛) (does this
please you )
鈥idam me khamati = 鎴戝枩姝¢欏嬶紒 (閫欏嬩护鎴戞鍠滐紒) (this please
me !)
(3) 鏈夋檪浠 kim (ind.) 浣滃晱铏熴
鈥Kim saddam assosi ti pucchi. = 浠栧晱閬擄細銆屼綘鑱藉埌鑱查煶鍡庯紵銆 (He
asked : did you hear the noise )
(4) 鏈夋檪鐢 nu 閰嶅悎鍏跺畠涓嶈畩鍖栬銆屽舰鎴愩嶆垨銆屽挤瑾裤嶇枒鍟忋
鈥So evam ayoniso manasikaroti : 'Ahosin- nu kho aham atitam - addhanam,
na nu kho ahosim atitam - addhanam ' = 浠栭欐ǎ涓嶆纰烘濈董锛氥屾垜
閬庡幓涓瀛樺湪鍡锛熸垜閬庡幓涓涓嶅瓨鍦ㄥ棊锛熴 (In these ways he is not wisely
attending : if he think, 'Now, was I in a past period Now, was I not in a
past period ') (M.I.p.8.L3-5,涓鍒囨紡缍)
锛戯紟浠e悕瑭炲舰瀹硅鐨勩屽瓧渚嬨嶈垏銆屽姛鐢ㄣ嶏細
鏌愪簺浠e悕瑭炲 sabba = 涓鍒(all)銆abba = 鍏朵粬(other)銆abbatara = 鏌
鍊(a certain)銆apara = 鍒ョ殑(another)銆para = 鍒ョ殑(other,another) 绛
锛屾棦鍙綔銆屼唬鍚嶈銆嶅張鍙綔銆屽舰瀹硅銆嶏紝璎備箣銆屼唬鍚嶈褰㈠瑭炪(鎴栥
鎸囩ū褰㈠瑭炪)銆
锛掞紟浠e悕瑭炲舰瀹硅鐨勩屾牸璁婂寲銆嶏細
浠e悕瑭炲舰瀹硅鐨勬牸璁婂寲鑸囥(鎸囩ず銆侀棞淇傘佺枒鍟)浠e悕瑭炪ta(d),ya(d),ka
绛変竴妯o紝鑰岄潪鑸囦竴鑸屽舰瀹硅銆嶇浉鍚
(褰㈠瑭為毃 -a锛岃屼唬鍚嶈 ta(d) 鍓囪垏
-a 澶у悓涓倓鏈夊皬鐣)銆傚锛氱敺鎬ц鏁哥殑涓绘牸銆佸爆鏍(鐐烘牸)锛
銆m.pl.Nom.銆 銆m.pl.Gen./Dat.銆
鈥kusala > kusal-a kusal-anam = 鍠 (涓鑸舰瀹硅)
鈥ta(d) > t-e t-esam = 浠栧 (鎸囩ず浠e悕瑭)
鈥ya(d) > y-e y-esam = 閭d簺 (闂滀總浠e悕瑭)
鈥sabba > sabb-e sabb-esam = 涓鍒 (浠e悕瑭炲舰瀹硅)
锛擄紟甯哥敤鐨勪唬鍚嶈褰㈠瑭
鈥abba 鐣般佸垾鐨 (other)
鈥abbatara 鏌愬 (acertain,a)
鈥apara 寰岀殑銆佸叾娆$殑銆佸垾鐨 (another)
鈥adhara 杓冧笅鐨 (the lower) (adho涔嬫瘮杓冪礆)
鈥amuka 閭e (that) (amu-ka)
鈥asuka 閭fǎ鐨 (this or that, such a one) (asu-ka)
鈥itara 鍒ョ殑銆佸叾浠栫殑 (other)
鈥uttara 杓冧笂鐨勩佽純濂界殑 (higher, superior) (ud涔嬫瘮杓冪礆)
鈥uttama 鏈涓婄殑銆佹渶濂界殑 (highest, greatest, best) (ud涔嬫渶楂樼礆)
鈥ubhaya 浜岃呯殑 (both,two fold) (ubha-ya)
鈥eka 涓鍊 (one)
鈥ekacca 涓椤 (one, certain, one-like) (eka-tya)
鈥katara 鍝 (which one) (閫氬父鎸囥屼簩鑰呬腑銆嶇殑鍝)
鈥katama 鍝嬨佸摢浜 (which, which one) (閫氬父鎸囥屼簩鑰呮垨浜岃
浠ヤ笂鐨勩嶅摢鍊嬨佸摢浜)
鈥para 鍏朵粬銆佸垾鐨 (other,another)
鈥pubba 鍓嶉潰鐨勩佷互鍓嶇殑 (former, previous, befor)
鈥sabba 涓鍒囥佸叏閮 (all)
v
闄勶細 |
鐐鏍 瑾炲熬璁婂寲 涓瑕 |
(1) 姣嶉煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
buddha m. 浣 > buddh-aya buddh-anam
bhddh-assa
aggi m. 鐏 > agg-ino agg-inam
agg-issa
bhikkhu m. 姣斾笜 > bhikkh-uno bhikkh-unam
bhikkh-ussa
----------------------------
phala n. 鏋 > phal-aya phal-anam 鍚
phal-assa
akkhi n. 鐪 > akkh-ino akkh-inam 鐢
akkh-issa
assu n. 娣 > ass-uno ass-unam 鎬
ass-ussa
==================
kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-aya kabb-anam
jati f. 鐢 > jat-iya jat-inam
nadi f. 娌 > nad-iya nad-inam
dhenu f. 鐗$墰 > dhen-uya dhen-unam
jambu f. 闁绘诞妯 > jamb-uya jamb-unam
(2) 瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
attan m. 鑷垜 > attan-o attan-am
att-assa att-anam
rajan m. 鐜 > rajin-o rabb-am
rabb-o
raj-assa raj-anam
rabb-assa raj-unam
kamman n. 妤 > kammun-o *
kamm-assa kamm-anam
----------------------------
bhagavant m. 涓栧皧 > bhagavat-o bhagavat-am
bhagavant-assa bhagavant-anam
gacchant m. 鍘 > gacchat-o gacchat-am
(ppr.) gacchant-assa gacchant-anam
---------------------------- 鍠暩 瑜囨暩
hatthin m. 璞 > hatthin-o
hatth-issa hatth-inam
gamin n. 灏庤 > gamin-o
gam-issa gam-inam
----------------------------
vacas n. 瑾 > vacas-o
vac-assa vac-anam
----------------------------
ayus n. 澹 > ay-uno * ayus-am
ay-ussa ay-unam
----------------------------
pitar m. 鐖 > pit-u * pit-unam
pit-uno pit-unnam
pit-ussa pit-anam
pitar-anam
matar f. 姣 > mat-u * mat-unam
mat-uya mat-unnam
mat-anam
matar-anam
(3) 浠e悕瑭為鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
ta(d) m.n. 褰 > t-assa t-esam (-esanam)
n-assa n-esam (-esanam)
eta(d) m.n. 姝 > et-assa et-esam (-esanam)
ima(m) m.n. 姝 > im-assa im-esam (-esanam)
assa esam (esanam)
ka m.n. 浣 > k-assa k-esam (-esanam)
k-issa *
ka-ci m.n. 鏌 > kassa-ci kesab-ci (kesanab-ci)
kissa-ci *
ya(d) m.n. 鍏 > y-assa y-esam (-esanam)
sabba m.n. 涓鍒 > sabb-assa sabb-esam (-esanam)
amu m.n. 姝 > am-ussa am-usam (-usanam)
ad-ussa *
----------------------------
ta(d) f. 褰 > t-aya t-asam (-asanam)
n-aya
t-assa(ya)
t-issa(ya)
鍠暩 瑜囨暩
eta(d) f. 姝 > et-aya et-asam (-asanam)
et-assa(ya)
et-issa
ima(m) f. 姝 > im-aya im-asam (-asanam)
im-issa(ya)
assa(ya) asam
ka f. 浣 > k-aya k-asam (-asanam)
k-assa
ka-ci f. 鏌 > kaya-ci kasab-ci (kasanab-ci)
kassa-ci
ya(d) f. 鍏 > y-aya y-asam (-asanam)
y-assa
sabba f. 涓鍒 > sabb-aya sabb-asam (-asanam)
sabb-assa
amu f. 姝 > am-uya am-usam (-usanam)
am-ussa
==================
aham 鎴 > m-ama (me) amh-akam (no)
m-amam asm-akam
m-ayham
amham amh-am
tvam 浣 > t-ava (te) tumh-akam (vo)
t-avam
t-uyham
tumham tumh-am
v