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褰㈠瑭 (Adjectives)
绗笁椤炲嫊瑭 (Third Conjugation)
-na 绲愬熬鐨勯亷鍘诲垎瑭 (Past Participles in -na)
(d)dis 鑸 gam 鐨勯亷鍘诲紡 (Aorist )
锛愶紟-a 绲愬熬鐨勫舰瀹硅 (Adjectives in -a)
akusala 涓嶅杽鐨勩佹儭 (bad)
atita 閬庡幓 (past)
ananta 鐒¢倞鐨勩佺劇闄愮殑 (infinite)
anicca 鐒″父 (impermanent)
iddha 鑸堢洓銆佸挤澶 (powerful)
kanta 鍙剾鐨勩侀仼鎰忕殑 (lovely, agreeable)
kalyana 缇庣殑銆佸杽(宸)鐨 (beautiful, good)
kusala 鍠勭殑銆佸杽宸х殑 (good)
dakkhina 鍙炽佸崡閭婄殑 (right, southern)
dhuva 甯告亞銆佸爡鍥虹殑 (stable, fixed)
nicca 甯 (permanent)
pacchima 寰岀殑銆佽タ鐨 (last, western)
pahuta 澶氥佸唬澶с佸唬闀 (much, many)
piya 鍙剾鐨 (dear)
phita 绻佹Ξ鐨勩佸瘜瑁曠殑 (prosperous)
vama 宸﹂倞鐨 (left)
sassata 鎭嗗父鐨 (eternal)
sukara 瀹规槗鐨 (easy)
sukha 蹇▊鐨 (happy)
锛戯紟褰㈠瑭炵殑瑾炲熬璁婂寲 (Ending)
(1) 淇>銆屽柈涓鍚嶈銆嶇殑鎯呮硜锛
鎬с佹暩銆佹牸闋堣垏鎵淇>鐨勫悕瑭炰竴鑷达紝渚濄m.-a, n.-a, f.-a銆嶈畩鍖栥
鈥kusalo puriso kusalam phalam labhati = 鍠勪汉寰楀杽鏋 (good man
obtains good result)
(2) 淇>銆屽鍊嬪悕瑭炪嶇殑鎯呮硜锛
鐣跺舰瀹硅鎵淇>鐨勫鍊嬪悕瑭炪屾с嶆垨銆屾暩銆嶄笉鍚屾檪锛
(a) 濡備綍瑙f焙銆屾暩銆嶇殑琛濈獊锛(瑕佹帯鍠暩閭勬槸瑜囨暩锛)
鈥у彲鑳介毃銆屾墍鏈夊悕瑭炵殑鏁哥洰鍜屻嶏紝鍗崇敤銆岃鏁搞嶏紱
鈥ф垨鑰呴毃銆屾渶杩戠殑鍚嶈銆嶏紱
鈥ф垨鑰呮妸鎵鏈夊悕瑭炶鐐恒屼竴鍊嬮泦鍚堛嶏紝鑰岀敤銆屽柈鏁搞嶃
(b) 濡備綍瑙f焙銆屾у垾銆嶇殑琛濈獊锛(瑕侀毃鍝嬫у垾璁婂寲锛)
鈥т腑鎬 > 鐢锋 > 濂虫с ( 鈥>鈥 琛ㄧず銆屽劒鏂笺)
锛掞紟褰㈠瑭炵殑涓鑸綅缃
(1) 閫氬父鏀惧悕瑭炲墠 (鑸囥屼綔鐐轰慨椋捐獮鐨勫悕瑭炪attribute noun鐩稿弽)銆
鈥akusalam kammam = 涓嶅杽妤 (bad action)
(2) 澶氬嬪舰瀹硅淇>涓鍊嬪悕瑭炴檪锛屼竴鍊嬫斁瑭插悕瑭炲墠锛屽叾椁樻斁瑭插悕瑭炲緦銆
鈥Ramaniya vata bho dosina ratti abhirupa dassaniya. = 澶у痉锛(閫欐槸鍊)
澶氶杭浠や汉姝″枩銆佸楹肩編濂姐佸楹肩編楹楃殑鏄庢湀澶滃晩锛 ( O Sir, how
pleaseant, perfect, beautiful, is the moonlight night !)
(3) 鑻ユ湁銆屾寚绀轰唬鍚嶈銆嶈垏澶氬嬪舰瀹硅鍚屾檪淇>涓鍊嬪悕瑭炴檪锛屽墖鎸囩ず浠
鍚嶈鏀炬渶鍓嶉潰銆
锛擄紟鍋氳堪瑾炵敤鐨(Predicated)褰㈠瑭 (銆寮疯銆鐨勭敤娉)
(1) 鐣跺舰瀹硅銆屽緦缃(鍗炽屽悕瑭 + 褰㈠瑭炪)鏅傦紝褰㈠瑭炶鐐哄悕瑭炰箣
杩拌獮锛岃〃绀恒屽挤瑾垮舰瀹硅銆嶃
鈥mala kalyana = 閫欒姳楝樼湡鏄編楹 (the garland which is beautiful)
(2) 鐣跺彞瀛愭矑鏈夊嫊瑭炴檪锛屻屽墠缃嶅舰瀹硅锛堝嵆銆屽舰瀹硅 + 鍚嶈銆嶏級锛
浜﹁鐐鸿堪瑾烇紝琛ㄧず銆屽挤瑾垮舰瀹硅銆嶃
鈥Subbo loko subbo loko ti bhante vuccati. Kittavata nu kho bhante subbo
loko ti vuccati = 灏婂斧锛佹墍璎傘屼笘闁撴槸鈥绌鈥锛屼笘闁撴槸鈥绌鈥銆嶏紝
灏婂斧锛佸埌搴曟庢ǎ鏄墍璎傘屼笘闁撴槸鈥绌鈥銆嶏紵 ( ' Void is the world !
Void is the world ! ' is the saying, lord. Pray, lord, how far does this
saying go ) (S.IV.p.54.L3-4,绌)
锛旓紟瑭為杞夋彌
(1) 閬庡幓鍒嗚 (pp.) 鍙綁浣滃舰瀹硅锛屼絾鏄剰缇╁彲鑳芥渻绋嶇偤杞夎畩銆
鈥dis 瑕 > dittha = 鍙鐨 (visible)
(2) 褰㈠瑭炲ぇ澶氬彲杞変綔銆屾娊璞″悕瑭炪嶏紝姝ゆ檪鍙栥屼腑鎬у柈鏁搞嶃
鈥kusalam = 鍠 (the good) , sukham = 妯 (happiness)
锛戯紟绗笁椤炲嫊瑭炵殑妲嬫垚锛
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(鎺ラ牠瑭 +) 瀛楁牴 + ya + ti 绛 |
鎺ュ熬瑭 鍕曡瑾炲熬
锛掞紟鐩磋娉曠従鍦ㄥ紡鐨勫嫊瑭炶獮灏
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< man > |
sg. |
pl. |
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3rd. |
mab-ba-ti (浠鎯) |
mab-ba-nti (浠栧鎯) |
|
2nd. |
mab-ba-si (浣鎯) |
mab-ba-tha (浣犲鎯) |
|
1st. |
mab-ba-mi (鎴鎯) |
mab-ba-ma (鎴戝鎯) |
銆愭敞銆戯細1.
ya 鐨 y 甯歌瀛楁牴鐨勩屾湯灏惧瓙闊炽嶅悓鍖栵紝鑰岀湅涓嶅嚭渚嗭紝濡傦細
-n + ya > bba , -c + ya > cca
-d + ya > jja , -dh + ya
> jjha
2. 姝ら鍕曡瑾炲舰鑸囥岃鍕曟厠銆(passive)寰堝儚锛屽父涓嶆槗鍒嗚鲸锛岄爤渚濆墠
寰屾枃鍒ゆ柗銆傚锛rukkham chijjati = 浠栫爫妯
(he cuts down a tree,
涓诲嫊鎱)锛rukkha chijjanti = 瑷卞妯硅鐮嶅 (trees are cut down,
琚嫊鎱)銆
锛擄紟绗笁椤炲嫊瑭炵ず渚嬶細
chid > chijjati 浠栨柗闄 (he cuts)
jan > jayati 浠栧嚭鐢 (he is born,涓嶈鍓)
a-da > adiyati 浠栧彇 (he takes,涓嶈鍓,寮卞寲)
a-pad > apajjati 浠栫嵅寰 (he gets)
u(d)-pad > uppajjati 瀹冪敓璧 (it happens)
upa-pad > upapajjati 浠栬綁鐢 (he is reborn)
upa-sam-pad > upasampajjati 浠栧叆銆佹垚灏便佸叿瓒 (he enters, he is
endowed with)
ni-pad > nipajjati 浠栬汉涓 (he lies down)
pati-pad > patipajjati 浠栬銆佽笎 (he engages in, he follows,
practices, behaves)
vi-muc > vimuccati 浠栬В鑴 (he is freed)
ni-rudh > nirujjhati 瀹冩鎭佹粎 (it stops, it ceases)
vid > vijjati 瀹冨瓨鍦 (it is, it occurs, it is found)
budh > bujjhati 浠栬鎮 (he enlightens)
锛旓紟闂滄柤 thanam,vijjati 鐨勬叄鐢ㄨ獮 (鏄檿/闈炶檿)
(1) 鈥 ... 鈥 ti thanam etam vijjati =銆......銆嶏細閫欑ó鎯呮硜鏄彲鑳界殑(瀛樺湪鐨勩佽兘
琚櫦鐝剧殑) = this /it is possible (this place is found,it is the case) (鍙よ锛
蹇呮湁鏄檿)
(2) 鈥 ... 鈥 ti n' etam thanam vijjati =銆......銆嶏細閫欑ó鎯呮硜鏄笉鍙兘鐨(涓嶅瓨鍦
鐨勩佷笉鑳借鐧肩従鐨) = this is impossible (this place is not found, it is not the
case) (鍙よ锛氱祩鐒℃槸铏)
鈥So vata Cunda attana palipapalipanno param palipapalipannam uddharissatkti
n' etam thanam vijjati. So vata Cunda attana apalipapalipanno param pali-
papalipannam uddharissatkti thanam - etam vijjati. = 鍛ㄩ偅锛併屼竴鍊嬩汉鑷
宸遍櫡鏂兼偿娌硷紝鑰岃鏁戝嚭鍏朵粬闄锋柤娉ユ布鐨勪汉銆嶏紞锛閫欐槸涓嶅彲鑳界殑銆傚懆閭o紒
銆屼竴鍊嬩汉鑷繁鏈櫡娉ユ布锛岃岃鏁戝嚭鍏朵粬闄锋柤娉ユ布鐨勪汉銆嶏紞锛閫欐墠鍙兘銆
(Cunda,that one who is himself sinking in the mud should pull out another who
is sinking in the mud is impossible; Cunda,that one who is not himself sinking
in the mud should pull out another who is sinking in the mud is possible.)
(娉細uddharissati 銆屾媺鍑恒嶏紝鏈締寮忥紝鍙〃绀恒屽彲鑳姐嶅吋鍙娿屾剰蹇椼嶏紝
鏁呰浣溿岃鏁戝嚭銆) (M.I.p.45.L3-6,鍓婃笡缍)
鈥So vata Cunda attana adanto avinito aparinibbuto param damessati vinessati
parinibbapessatkti n' etam thanam vijjati. So vata Cunda attana danto
vinito parinibbuto param damessati vinessati parinibbapessatkti thanam -
etam vijjati. = 鍛ㄩ偅锛併屼竴鍊嬩汉鑷繁灏氭湭瑾跨Ζ銆佸皻鏈浼忋佸皻鏈竟搴曟
鎭紙鐓╂儽锛夛紝鑰岃浠や粬浜鸿绂︺佽浼忋佸竟搴曟鎭紙鐓╂儽锛夈嶏紞锛閫欐槸涓
鍙兘鐨銆傚懆閭o紒銆屼竴鍊嬩汉鑷繁宸茬稉瑾跨Ζ銆佸凡缍撹浼忋佸凡缍撳竟搴曟鎭紙鐓
鎯憋級锛岃岃浠や粬浜鸿绂︺佽浼忋佸竟搴曟鎭紙鐓╂儽锛夈嶏紞锛閫欐墠鍙兘銆
(Cunda, that one who is himself untamed,undiscipline, [with defilements] un-
extinguished, should tame another, displine him, and help extinguish [his de-
filements] is impossible; Cunda, that one who is himself tamed, disciplined, [
with defilements] extinguished, should tame another, displine him, and help
extinguish [his defilements] is possible.) (娉細parinibbuta, pp. < pari-ni(r)-
va 闊宠銆岃埇-娑-妲冦嶏紝鎰忚銆屽畬鍏-鎭粎銆佸竟搴-姝㈡伅銆) (M.I.p.45.L6-
10,鍓婃笡缍)
閬庡幓鍒嗚闄や簡濡傜涓冪珷鎵杩帮紝鍙互鐢便屽瓧鏍广嶅姞銆屾帴灏捐銆-ta, -ita妲嬫垚涔嬪
锛屼篃鍙姞鎺ュ熬瑭 -na銆傝ū澶氱涓夐鍕曡鐨勯亷鍘诲垎瑭為兘灞緦闈竴椤烇紝浠ヤ笅渚挎槸
涓浜涗緥瀛愩璜嬫敞鎰锛氬瓧鏍规湯灏剧殑瀛愰煶閬囧埌 na 鏅傦紝甯告渻鍚屽寲(assimilation)鐐
nna銆
chid chinna 宸叉柗锛岃鏂 (cut off)
da dinna 宸叉柦锛岃鏂 (given) (a寮卞寲鐐i, in > inn)
a-pad apanna 鏈 (possessing, having)
u(d)-pad uppanna 宸茬敓 (happened, arisen)
upa-pad upapanna 宸茶綁鐢熴佸凡鐢 (transmigrated, reborn, arisen)
pati-pad patipanna 琛屻佸韪 (engaged in, following, practising)
sam-pad sampanna 鍏疯冻銆佹湁 (endowed with, having)
bhid bhinna 宸茬牬銆佸凡鐮村 (divided, split)
ni-sid nisinna 宸插潗 (seated)
ha hina 宸叉崹銆佸凡闆紝琚崹銆佽闆 (diminished,
eliminated) (a寮卞寲鐐 i)
锛戯紟(d)dis < drw = 瑕 (to see)锛屽叾閬庡幓寮忓彇瀛楁牴 (d)das锛屼笖鏈夈屾摯澧炪(瀛
鏍瑰墠鍔a)锛屽叾瀛楀熬鐐轰互 a-/a- 闁嬮牠鐨勪竴绲(椤炰技姊垫枃a-aorist)銆傛暣鍊嬭獮灏
璁婂寲濡備笅锛
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< (d)dis > |
sg. |
pl. |
|
3rd. |
a-d-das-a (浠栭偅鏅傝) |
a-d-das-amsu a-d-das-asum (浠栧戦偅鏅傝) |
|
2nd. |
a-d-das-a (浣犻偅鏅傝) |
a-d-das-atha (浣犲戦偅鏅傝) |
|
1st. |
a-d-das-am (鎴戦偅鏅傝) |
a-d-das-ama (鎴戝戦偅鏅傝) |
锛掞紟gam = 鍘(to go)锛屽叾閬庡幓寮忓父鐢紝浣嗕笉瑕忓墖锛屽瓧鏍瑰墠鏈夈屾摯澧炪嶏紝
瀛楀熬鏈夊彇a- 闁嬮牠鐨(濡 -a)锛屾湁鍙i(s)- 闁嬮牠鐨(濡-ittha)锛屼篃鏈夊彇 a-
鑸s(i) - 娣峰悎鐨(濡-asi,-asim,-amsu,-amha)銆傛暣鍊嬭獮灏捐畩鍖栧涓嬶細
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< gam > |
sg. |
pl. |
|
3rd. |
a-gam-asi (浠栭偅鏅傚幓) |
a-gam-amsu (浠栧戦偅鏅傚幓) |
|
2nd. |
a-gam-a (浣犻偅鏅傚幓) |
(a-gam-ittha) (浣犲戦偅鏅傚幓) |
|
1st. |
a-gam-asim (鎴戦偅鏅傚幓) |
a-gam-amha (鎴戝戦偅鏅傚幓) |
v