鏈締寮忓嫊瑭 (Future Tense)

灞牸鐨勭敤娉 (Genitive Case)

鐛ㄧ珛灞牸绲愭 (Genitive Absolute)

 

 

 

澹光ф湭渚嗗紡鍕曡 (Future Tense)

锛戯紟鏈締寮忕殑妲嬫垚

 

 

(鎴栧挤鍖栧瓧鏍) (鏈締寮忔帴灏捐)

鐝惧湪寮忚獮鍩 + issa essa (7th) + 鐝惧湪寮忓嫊瑭炶獮灏 ( ti)

<鏈締寮忚獮鍩>

 

锛掞紟绀轰緥锛

 

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 gam聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > gam-issa-ti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 浠栧皣鍘 (he will go)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhu聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > bhav-issa-ti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 浠栧皣鏄佸皣鏈 (he will be, there will

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 be)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 labh聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > labh-issa-ti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 浠栧皣鐛插緱 (he will get)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 sam-vi-bhaj聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > samvibhaj-issa-ti聽聽聽聽聽聽 浠栧皣鍒嗚垏 (he will share)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 dis聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > des-essa-ti聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 浠栧皣闁嬬ず (he will teach)

 

 

銆愭敞銆戯細as 鍙婂叾瀹冭〃绀 'to be' 鐨勫嫊瑭炲緢灏戠敤鑷凡鐨勬湭渚嗗紡锛岃屽潎浠

bhavissati 浠d箣銆

 

锛擄紟鏈締寮忓嫊瑭炶獮灏

 

 

 

 

< labh >

sg.

pl.

 

3rd.

labh-issa-ti

(灏囩嵅寰)

labh-issa-nti

(浠栧灏囩嵅寰)

 

2nd.

labh-issa-si

(灏囩嵅寰)

labh-issa-tha

(浣犲灏囩嵅寰)

 

1st.

labh-issa-mi

labh-issa-m

(灏囩嵅寰)

labh-issa-ma

(鎴戝灏囩嵅寰)

 

闄ゃ岀涓浜虹ū鍠暩銆嶅涓鍊嬭獮灏 -m 澶栵紝鍏堕鑸囩従鍦ㄥ紡瀹屽叏涓妯c

 

锛旓紟鏈締寮忕殑銆屾剰缇┿嶅強銆岀敤渚嬨嶏細

 

(0) 琛ㄧず鏈締鍕曚綔銆

 

 

' Na tava Bhagava parinibbayissati, na yava Bhagava bhikkhu-samgham

arabbha kibcid eva udaharatkti. ' = 锛堥樋闆f兂锛氾級銆屼笘灏灏囦笉鏈冭埇

娑呮锛岄櫎闈炰笘灏婂仛浜嗘煇浜涢棞鏂兼瘮涓樼溇鐨勶紙鏈寰岋級鏁欑ず銆傘 (The

Blessed One will not attain final Nibbana until he has made some sta-

tement about the order of bhikkhus.) (D.II.p.99.3,澶ц埇娑呮缍)

(1) 琛ㄩ仈銆屽彲鑳(probable)銆佸亣瑷(hypothetical)銆佹焙瀹(decision,1st.

person)銆嶇瓑銆

 

 

' Sacqham bho rajjam labhissami, samvibhajissami vo rajjenati.' = 銆屽ソ

鍙嬪戯紒濡傛灉鎴戠嵅寰鐜嬩綅锛鎴戞渻灏囩帇鍦鍒嗚垏璜镐綅銆傘 (" If, gentle-

men, I gain the kingship,I will share it with you.") (D.II.p.233.2,

澶у吀灏婄稉)

'Satta vo bhikkhave aparihaniye dhamme desessami,tam sunatha sadhukam

manasikarotha, bhasissamkti ' = 銆岃姣斾笜锛鎴戝皣鐐轰綘鍊瀹h涓冧笉閫

娉曪紝浠旂窗鑱斤紝濂藉ソ鎬濇儫锛鎴戝氨瑕佽浜銆傘 ( ' Bhikkhus, I will teach

you seven things that are conducive to welfare. Listen, pay careful atten-

tion, I will speak.') (D.II.p.76.L27-28,澶ц埇娑呮缍)

(2) 琛ㄩ仈銆岃嚜鐒跺緥(law of nature)銆佺繏鎱(habit)(绲傛渻銆佸繀鏈)锛屾鏅傝獮

姘f瘮鐢ㄧ従鍦ㄥ紡琛ㄩ仈銆屾案鎭嗙湡鐞(eternal truth)銆嶆檪閭勫挤銆

 

 

' Dhir atthu kira bho jati nama, yatra hi nama jatassa jara pabbayissatkti. '

= 銆岃尝鍙嬶紒銆庣敓銆忛欎簨 瀵﹀湪鍙幁锛侊紞锛嶆棦鐒剁敓鑰呴兘蹇呭皣琛拌锛併

( ' Shame on this thing birth, since to him who is born old age must

manifest itself !') (D.II.p.22.L20-21,澶ф湰缍)

 

(3) 鍏跺畠锛氶倓鍙敤渚嗚〃閬斻屽洶鎯戙佽鐣般嶏紙銆屾庨杭鏈 ... 鍛紵锛併嶏級鎴

銆岄伜鎲俱侀潪闆c嶏紙銆屾庨杭 ...锛熴嶃併岀珶鐒 ...锛併嶏級绛夋儏鎰

鎬х殑瑾炴埃銆(甯搁厤鍚 Katham hi nama = 鎬庨杭銆佺珶鐒)

 

 

琛ㄩ仈銆屽洶鎯戙佽鐣般

 

 

' Katham hi nama tava mahato bhikkhu-samghassa addha-telasanam

bhikkhu-satanam n' eva khipita-saddo bhavissati na ukkasita-saddo na

nigghoso ti.' = 銆屼竴鍗冧簩鐧句簲鍗佷綅姣斾笜閫欐ǎ澶х殑姣斾笜鍦橀珨锛鎬庨杭

鏈冩矑鏈涓榛炲挸鍡借伈銆佹竻鍠夊毃鑱层佹垨浠讳綍鍏朵粬鑱查煶锛燂紒銆 ( ' How

is it that from this great number of twelve hundred and fifty bhikkhus

not a sneeze, a cough or a shout is to be heard ') (娉細nigghosa <

ni(r)-ghosa = - (shouting out)锛屽嵆浠讳綍鐧煎嚭鐨勮伈闊炽) (D.I.

p.50.L5-7,娌欓杸鏋滅稉)

 

琛ㄩ仈銆岄伜鎲俱侀潪闆c

 

  Tassa mayham bhante etad ahosi : " Ayam ca imesam samana-brahma-

nanam sabba-balo sabba-mulho. Katham hi nama sanditthikam

samabbaphalam puttho samano vikkhepam byakarissatiti " =

寰凤紒鎴戦欓杭鎯筹細銆屼粬鏄欎簺娌欓杸銆佸﹩缇呴杸鐣朵腑鏈鎰氭槯銆佹渶杩锋儜鐨

锛佺暥浠栬鍟忓強鐝句笘鐨勬矙闁鏋滃牨鏅傦紝鎬庨杭绔熺瓟浠娣蜂簜锛堜护浜哄洶鎯戯級

涔嬭锛燂紒銆 (And I thought : " Of all these ascetics and Brahmins, he

is the most stupid and confused. For how could (will) he reply by evasion

on being asked about the fruits of the homeless life " ) (娉細(1)

Ayam 鎸囧叚甯閬撲腑鐨 Sabjaya Belatthi-putta 銆屾暎鑻ヨ舵瘶缇呮彁

瀛愩嶏紝鏄┉杈珫鑰咃紝灏嶆墍鏈夎珫椤屼笉鍋氭焙瀹氥 (2) mulha < muh缇╃偤

銆岄尟浜傘佽糠鎯戙嶏紝鍗抽牠鑵︿笉娓呮銆(3) vikkhepa 缇╃偤銆屾贩娣嗐侀尟浜

銆嶏紝姝ら璜栬呴氬父琚ū鐐 amara-vikkhepika 鍗炽屽榘婚瓪鑸粦鍕曚笉瀹

锛屼护浜洪洠浠ユ崏鎽歌屽緬澧炵枒鎯戠殑銆岃┉杈珫鑰呫嶃) (D.I.p.59.L14-18,

娌欓杸鏋滅稉)

  Atha kho tassa aggikassa jatilassa etad ahosi : " Yava balo ayam darako

abyatto. Katham hi nama ayoniso aggim gavesissatkti " = 鐣舵檪锛岄偅

绲愰鐨勪簨鐏閬撻欓杭鎯筹細銆岄欏瀛愬楹肩銆佸楹间笉鑳藉构鍟婏紒鎬庨杭

閫欐ǎ涓嶆纰虹殑鏂规硶鍙栫伀锛燂紒銆 (Then the jatila thought : " How stupid

this boy is, how senseless ! What a thoughtless way to try to get a fire ! ")

(娉細a-yoniso, ad. 涓嶅鐞嗐佷笉姝g⒑銆佷笉鑱版槑銆) (D.II.p.341.L25-

27,寮婂缍)

 

锛曪紟闄ゃ岀啊鍠佷富鍕曟厠銆嶅嫊瑭炲锛屽叾瀹冨嫊瑭炵殑鏈締寮忥細

 

(1) 琚嫊鎱嬬殑鏈締寮忥細

 

 

 

濡傦細 han > habba-ti > habb-issa-ti 浠栧皣琚 (he will be

killed)

pa-ha > pahiya-ti > pahiy-issa-ti 瀹冨皣琚柗鎹 (it will be

given up)

da > diya-ti > diy-issa-ti 浠栧皣琚郸浜 (he will be

given)

 

(2) 姝ゅ閭勬湁銆屼娇褰规湭渚嗐嶃併屼娇褰硅鍕曟湭渚嗐嶇瓑锛屽锛

 

 

da > dapeti > dapessati / dapayissati = 浠栧皣浠ゆ柦 (he will cause to

give) (浣垮焦鏈締)

da > dapiyati / dapiyati > dapiyissati = 浠栧皣琚护鏂 (he will be caused

to give) (浣垮焦琚嫊鏈締)

璨斥у爆鏍肩殑鐢ㄦ硶 (Genitive Case)

锛愶紟灞牸鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細锛堟铏曚互-a鐐轰緥锛屽叾椁樿珛鍙冭浠ヤ笅銆屼竴瑕借〃銆嶏級

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 buddha聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > buddh-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 buddh-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 phala聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 n. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > phal-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 phal-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kabba聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 灏戝コ聽聽聽聽聽聽 > kabb-aya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kabb-anam

 

     娉細涓鑸岃█灞牸鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栬垏銆岀偤鏍(Dative)銆嶅悓褰紝浜岃呬笉鏄撳垎杈ㄣ

 

鍒ゅ垾娉 F 銆屽爆鏍笺嶈〃绀恒屽悕瑭炶垏鍚嶈銆嶄箣闂滀總锛屻岀偤鏍笺嶅墖琛ㄧず

銆屽悕瑭炶垏鍕曡銆嶄箣闂滀總銆

 

锛戯紟灞牸鐨勪竴鑸剰缇╋細

 

 

(1) 琛ㄩ仈鏌愪汉銆佷簨(瀛歌銆佷富寮)銆佺墿鐨勩屾墍鏈夎(Possessor)銆嶃傚嵆銆屾墍

鏈夎呫嶈垏銆屾墍鏈夌墿銆嶇殑闂滀總锛屽锛氫粬鍊戞槸銆Renu鐜嬪瓙鐨勩(Gen.)

鏈嬪弸銆

 

(2) 琛ㄩ仈鏌愩岄儴浠(part)銆嶇殑銆屽叏楂(whole)銆嶃傚嵆銆屽叏楂斻嶈垏銆岄儴浠姐

鐨勯棞淇傦紝濡傦細閫欐槸銆Renu 鐜嬪瓙鐨勩(Gen.) 鎵嬨

 

锛掞紟灞牸鐨勭壒榛烇細

 

 

灞牸琛ㄧず銆屽悕瑭炶垏鍚嶈銆嶉枔涔嬮棞淇傦紝鍏跺畠鏍(闄ゅ懠鏍煎)鍓囪〃绀恒屽悕瑭炶垏

鍕曡銆嶉枔涔嬮棞淇傘

 

锛擄紟灞牸鐨勫熀鏈敤娉曪細

 

 

(1) 鐩存帴缃柤鍚嶈鍓嶏紝琛ㄩ仈瑭插悕瑭炰箣銆屾墍鏈夎(Possessor)銆嶃

 

rabbo thupo = 鍦嬬帇鐨勫 (a king's monument)

(2) 琛ㄩ仈銆AB FA (Gen.) + B (Nom.) + be鍕曡 (hu)(A
B
瀛樺湪锛屾敞鎰忥細鍕曡閰嶅悎B鑰岄潪A)

 

rabbo putto hoti = 鍦嬬帇鏈夊嬪厭瀛 (The king has a son)

 

 

(3) 骞惧嬫叄鐢ㄥ彞鍨嬶細

 

 

A. 琛ㄩ仈銆屾煇浜烘湁...鎯虫硶銆嶏細(Gen. + be鍕曡)

 

tassa evam hoti ... = 浠栨湁閫欐ǎ鐨勬兂娉/浠栭欓杭鎯 (of him thus it is

/ he has this thought) (idam assa hoti 鈥= 浠栨湁閫欏嬫兂娉 鈥︹)

(鐢ㄤ緥璜嬪弮鍓嶉潰銆屾湭渚嗗紡鐨勬剰缇╁強鐢ㄤ緥銆(3) 琛ㄩ仈銆岄伜鎲俱侀潪闆c)

 

 

B. 琛ㄩ仈銆岀稉閬...鐨勬檪闁撱嶏細

 

sattahassa accayena ... pabbajissama = 涓冨ぉ寰 ... 鎴戝戝皣鍑哄 (

after a week ... we will go forth)

mama accayena = 鍦ㄦ垜姝诲緦 (after me / after I have passed away /

after my death)

 

锛旓紟灞牸鐨勫紩浼哥敤娉曪細

 

 

(1) 浣溿屽垎瑭(鍗冲悕瑭炴у嫊浣)銆嶇殑浣滆(Agent)鎴栧彈鑰(Patient)

 

 

A. 浣滅偤銆屽嫊浣滀綔鑰呫嶇殑灞牸 (Agent-Genitive / Subjective Genitive)

锛屽姛鐢ㄧ瓑鏂笺屽叿鏍笺(Instrumental)

 

Bhavam hi Sonadando brahmanassa Pokkharasadissa sakkato garu-

kato manito pujito apacito. = 鍥犵偤绋痉灏婅鐐烘哺浼界緟濞戝笣濠嗙緟

鎵鎭暚銆佸皧閲嶃佹暚鎰涖佸磭鏁佸皧宕囥 (For the Reverend

Sonadanda is esteemed, made much of, honoured, revered, wor-

shipped by the Brahmin Pokkharasadi) (D.I.p.114.L18-19,绋痉缍)

Yesam bhikkhave bhikkhunam deva Tavatimsa adittha,oloketha bhi-

kkhave Licchavi-parisam. = 璜告瘮涓橈紒鍑℃槸鏈浘瑕嬮亷涓夊崄涓夊ぉ

鐨勬瘮涓樺锛岃姣斾笜锛佷綘鍊戝氨鐪嬬湅闆㈣粖鐪惧惂锛 (Bhikkhus, any

of you who have not seen the Thirty-Three gods, just look at this

troop of Licchavis !) (D.II.p.96.1-2,澶ц埇娑呮缍)

... tassa cqyam sila-sampada citta-sampada pabba-sampada abhavita

hoti asacchikata, atha kho so araka va samabba, araka va brah-

mabba. = ... 浠栵紙鍗伙級鏈兘鏂笺屾垝涔嬪湏婊(鍏疯冻)銆佸績锛堝畾锛変箣

鍦撴豢銆佹収涔嬪湏婊裤淇繏銆佷綔璀銆傞偅楹硷紝浠栧鍦ㄨ窛娌欓杸娉曞緢閬狅紝

璺濆﹩缇呴杸娉曞緢閬狅紒 (... but if his morality,his heart and his wisdom

are not developed and brought to realization, then indeed he is still far

from being an ascetic or a Brahmin.) (娉細samabbam samana

涔嬫娊璞″寲锛屾剰璎傘屾矙闁娉曘佹矙闁鎬с佹矙闁浣嶃嶏紝鍗炽屾矙闁鐨勭媭

鎱嬨佹矙闁涔嬬偤娌欓杸鐨勫収娑点嶏紝鎸囧叿瓒虫垝銆佸畾銆佹収銆) (D.I.p.167.

L16-19,杩﹁憠甯瓙鍚肩稉)

Yo hi koci bhikkhave ime cattaro satipatthane evam bhaveyya satta-

vassani, tassa dvinnam phalanam abbataram phalam patikavkham,

ditthe va dhamme abba sati va upadisese anagamita. = 璜告瘮涓橈紒

浠讳綍浜鸿嫢鑳介欐ǎ淇繏姝ゅ洓蹇佃檿涓冨勾锛浠栧皣鍙爯鏈浜屾灉涔嬩竴锛氭垨

鑰呯従娉曡瓑鎮燂紱鎴栬呭鏋滈倓鏈夊煼鍙栨畼椁橈紝鍓囩偤涓嶉倓鏋溿 (Bhikkhus,

if anyone should develop these four foundations of mindfulness in

such a way for seven years,one of two fruits could be expected for

(by) him : either final knowledge here and now, or if there is a trace

of clinging left,non-return.) (娉細abba 璀夋偀锛屾铏曟寚鍥涙灉闃跨緟

婕紱anagamita 鍗充笁鏋滈樋閭e惈銆) (D.II.p.314.L11-14,澶у康铏曠稉)

 

B. 浣滅偤銆屽嫊浣滃彈鑰呫嶇殑灞牸 (Patient-Genitive/Objective Genitive)

锛屽姛鐢ㄧ瓑鏂笺屽皪鏍笺(Accusative)

 

 

Civaram patisevati, yavad - eva sitassa patighataya unhassa patigha-

taya, ... n' eva madaya na mandanaya, yavad - eva ... vihimsupara-

tiya brahmacariyanuggahaya. = 鍙楃敤琛f湇鍙槸鐐轰簡椹呴櫎瀵掑喎銆侀伄

姝㈢値鐔... 涓﹂潪鐐轰簡鎲嶆參銆佺偤浜嗚椋撅紝鑰屽彧鏄 ... 姝㈡伅鎯卞銆

璩囩泭姊佃銆 (Use a robe simply for warding off the cold,for warding

off the heat, ...not for indulgence, not for personal charm, but just for

... keeping it unharmed, for furthering the Brahma-faring.) (M.I.p.

10.L5-11,涓鍒囨紡缍)

Ahan tena samayena purohito brahmano ahosim tassa yabbassa yajeta.

= 鎴戠暥鏅傛槸涓诲徃閭f绁鐨勫湅甯﹩缇呴杸銆 (鎴栵細鎴戠暥鏅傛槸鍦嬪斧

濠嗙緟闁锛屾槸閭f绁鐨勫徃绁呫) (At that time I was the high

priest who performed that sacrifice (Gen.). ) (娉細purohito銆屽湅甯

濠嗙緟闁銆嶏紝鏄﹩缇呴杸涔嬫渶涓婁綅鑰咃紝璨犺铂浣愮悊鍦嬫斂锛屼甫涓绘帉瀹楁暀

涓婄殑浜嬪嫏锛屽绁绛夈) (D.I.p.143.L26-27,绌剁緟妾闋稉)

 

(2) 鍙唬鏇垮叿鏍硷紝琛ㄩ仈銆屽厖婊(full of)銆佸叿鏈夈嶄箣缇┿

 

 

Atha kho tam Ananda gahapati-ratanam ubhohi hatthehi udakam omasitva

puram hirabba-suvannassa kumbhim uddharitva rajanam Maha-Sudassa-

nam etad avoca : " Alam ettavata maharaja, katam ettavata maharajqti

" = 闃块洠锛佺暥鏅傞欎綅灞呭+瀵朵究浠ラ洐鎵嬭Ц锛堝叆锛夋按锛岃屽緦鍙栧嚭婊跨摱

閲戝梗锛屽皪澶у杽瑕嬬帇瑾細銆屽ぇ鐜嬶紒閫欐ǎ瓒冲鍡庯紵閫欐ǎ鍙互鍡庯紵銆 (Then,

Ananda, the householder touched the water with both hands and drew

out a pot full of gold coins,saying : " Is that enough,great king Will that

do ,great king ") (娉細puram hirabba-suvannassa kumbhim鐩磋銆

鍏呮豢閲戝梗鐨勭摱瀛銆嶃ettavata 绋嬪害瑭烇紝鎰忕偤銆岄欐ǎ锛堝锛夈嶏紝so far,

to that extent) (D.II.p.176.L22-26,澶у杽瑕嬬帇缍)

Puna ca param bhikkhave bhikkhu imam eva kayam uddham padatala

adho kesa-matthaka taca-pariyantam puram nanappakarassa asucino

paccavekkhati. = 鍐嶈咃紝璜告瘮涓橈紒姣斾笜鐪佸療閫欏嬭韩楂旓紞锛嶅緸鑵冲簳

浠ヤ笂銆侀牠闋傦紙闋锛変互涓嬨佺偤鐨啔鎵閫卞対鐠拌锛嶏紞鍏呮豢绋ó涓嶆法

(Again,monks,a monk reviews this very body from the soles of the

feet upwards and from the scalp downwards,enclosed by the skin and

full of manifold impurities.) (D.II.p.293.L10-12,澶у康铏曠稉)

 

(3) 甯歌垏琛ㄧず銆屾柟浣嶃嶇殑涓嶈畩鍖栬閫g敤锛岃〃閬斻屽湪A(Gen.) 鍓嶃佸緦銆

涓枔銆佸寳鏂...绛夈嶃

 

 

me pitthito = 鍦ㄦ垜寰岄潰 (behind me)

 

sattannam ... kayanam antarena = 鍦ㄤ竷绋厓绱犱箣闁 (between the

seven bodies -- atomic particles)

 

me purato = 鍦ㄦ垜鍓嶉潰 (in front of me)

 

uttaram nagarassa = 鍩庡寳 (north of the city)

 

 

鍙冣х崹绔嬪爆鏍肩祼妲 (Genitive Absolute)

锛戯紟浣跨敤鏅傛锛

 

鐣朵竴鍊嬪彞瀛愬惈鏈夊叐鍊(鎴栧叐鍊嬩互涓婄殑)鍕曚綔(action)锛屼笖閫欏叐鍊(鎴栧叐鍊嬩互

涓婄殑)鍕曚綔鍒嗗爆銆屼笉鍚屼綔鑰(agent)銆嶏紝姝ゆ檪锛屽悇绲勩屼綔鑰呪攢鍕曚綔銆嶄究浠

銆岀崹绔嬬祼妲嬨嶇偤涔嬨傜崹绔嬬祼妲嬫湁銆岀崹绔嬪爆鏍肩祼妲嬨嶃併岀崹绔嬭檿鏍肩祼妲嬨嶃

銆岀崹绔嬪叿鏍肩祼妲嬨嶇瓑锛屼互涓嬪厛浠嬬垂鐛ㄧ珛灞牸绲愭銆

 

锛掞紟鐛ㄧ珛灞牸绲愭鐨勪竴鑸屽彞鍨嬨嶏細

 

 

A1 ... V1 , A2V2 , B ... V

Gen. pp./ppr.Gen. (鍚屽墠) Nom. 涓昏鍕曚綔

 

鈥сA1-V1銆嶃併A2-V2銆嶇偤鍒嗚瀛愬彞锛屻B-V銆嶇偤涓昏瀛愬彞銆

鈥у垎瑭炲瓙鍙ヤ箣涓昏A1A2鐢ㄣ屽悕瑭炵殑灞牸銆嶏紝涓昏瀛愬彞涔嬩富瑭B鍓囩敤

涓绘牸銆

鈥у垎瑭炲瓙鍙ヤ箣鍕曡V1V2鐢ㄣ屽垎瑭炵殑灞牸銆嶏紝涓昏瀛愬彞涔嬪嫊瑭V鍓囩敤

銆屼竴鑸嫊瑭炪嶏紝浜虹ū銆佹暩鑸B閰嶅悎銆

鈥ф铏曞爆鏍间笉琛ㄣ屾墍灞棞淇傘嶏紝鑰屾槸鐢ㄤ締琛ㄩ仈銆岀崹绔嬪彞妲嬨嶃

 

锛擄紟銆屾剰缇┿嶈垏銆屼緥鍙ャ嶏細

 

(1) 琛ㄩ仈銆岀暥 A1V1A2V2鏅傦紝BV銆嶃

 

evam purohitassa vadamanassa, raja pakkami = 鐣跺湅甯欓杭瑾檪锛屽湅

鐜嬭蛋闁嬩簡銆 (When the high priest said thus, the king went away)

 

 

(2) 琛ㄩ仈銆鍗充娇/鍍呯 A1V1A2V2B浠嶇劧鍋V銆嶃

 

matapitunnam rudantanam, rajaputto pabbajito = 鍎樼鐖舵瘝鍌峰績锛岀帇

瀛愰倓鏄嚭瀹朵簡銆 (Although his parents were weeping, the prince went

forth) (matar, f.; pitar, m.)

 

 

 

 

闄勶細

鏍 瑾炲熬璁婂寲 涓瑕

 

(1) 姣嶉煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

 

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 buddha聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > buddh-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 buddh-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 aggi聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > agg-ino聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 agg-inam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 agg-issa

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhikkhu聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m. 姣斾笜聽聽聽聽 > bhikkh-uno聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhikkh-unam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhikkh-ussa

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ----------------------------

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 phala聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 n. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > phal-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 phal-anam聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 akkhi聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 n. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > akkh-ino聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 akkh-inam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 akkh-issa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 assu聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 n. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > ass-uno聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ass-unam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ass-ussa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ==================

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kabba聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 灏戝コ聽聽聽聽聽聽 > kabb-aya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kabb-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 jati聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > jat-iya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 jat-inam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 nadi聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > nad-iya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 nad-inam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 dhenu聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 鐗$墰聽聽聽聽聽聽 > dhen-uya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 dhen-unam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 jambu聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 闁绘诞妯聽聽 > jamb-uya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 jamb-unam

 


 

(2) 瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

 

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 attan聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m. 鑷垜聽聽聽聽 > attan-o聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 attan-am

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 att-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 att-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 rajan聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > rajin-o聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 rabb-am

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 rabb-o

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 raj-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 raj-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 rabb-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 raj-unam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kamman聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 n. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > kammun-o *

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kamm-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kamm-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ----------------------------

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhagavant聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m. 涓栧皧聽聽聽聽 > bhagavat-o聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhagavat-am

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhagavant-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 bhagavant-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 gacchant聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > gacchat-o聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 gacchat-am

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 (ppr.)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 gacchant-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 gacchant-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ----------------------------

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 hatthin聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > hatthin-o

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 hatth-issa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 hatth-inam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 gamin聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 n. 灏庤聽聽聽聽聽 > gamin-o

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 gam-issa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 gam-inam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ----------------------------

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vacas聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 n. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > vacas-o

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vac-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 vac-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ----------------------------

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ayus聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 n. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > ay-uno *聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ayus-am

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ay-ussa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ay-unam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ----------------------------

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 pitar聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > pit-u *聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 pit-unam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 pit-uno聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 pit-unnam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 pit-ussa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 pit-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 pitar-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 matar聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > mat-u *聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 mat-unam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 mat-uya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 mat-unnam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 mat-anam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 matar-anam

 

(3) 浠e悕瑭為鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

 

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ta(d)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m.n. 聽聽聽聽聽 > t-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 t-esam聽聽聽 (-esanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 n-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 n-esam聽聽聽 (-esanam)

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 eta(d)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m.n. 聽聽聽聽聽 > et-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 et-esam聽聽 (-esanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ima(m)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m.n. 聽聽聽聽聽 > im-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 im-esam(-esanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 esam聽聽聽聽聽 (esanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ka聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m.n. 聽聽聽聽聽 > k-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 k-esam聽聽 (-esanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 k-issa *

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ka-ci聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m.n. 聽聽聽聽聽 > kassa-ci聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kesab-ci聽聽 (kesanab-ci)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kissa-ci *

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ya(d)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m.n. 聽聽聽聽聽 > y-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 y-esam聽聽聽 (-esanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 sabba聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m.n. 涓鍒> sabb-assa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 sabb-esam (-esanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 amu聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m.n. 聽聽聽聽聽 > am-ussa聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 am-usam (-usanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ad-ussa *

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ----------------------------

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ta(d)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > t-aya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 t-asam聽聽聽 (-asanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 n-aya

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 t-assa(ya)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 t-issa(ya) *

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 eta(d)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > et-aya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 et-asam聽聽 (-asanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 et-assa(ya)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 et-issa *

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ima(m)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > im-aya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 im-asam(-asanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 im-issa(ya) *聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 assa(ya)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 asam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ka聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > k-aya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 k-asam聽聽 (-asanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 k-assa

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ka-ci聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > kaya-ci聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kasab-ci聽聽 (kasanab-ci)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 kassa-ci

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ya(d)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > y-aya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 y-asam聽聽 (-asanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 y-assa

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 sabba聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 涓鍒聽聽聽聽聽聽 > sabb-aya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 sabb-asam (-asanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 sabb-assa

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 amu聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 f. 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > am-uya聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 am-usam (-usanam)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 am-ussa

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 ==================

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 aham聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > m-ama (me)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 amh-akam (no)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m-amam聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 asm-akam

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 m-ayham聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 amham聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 amh-am

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 tvam聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 > t-ava (te)聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 tumh-akam (vo)

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 t-avam聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 t-uyham

聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽聽 t-umham tumh-am

v