宸村埄瑾炶鍚堣姒傝
涓銆佽鍚堣鐨勫垎椤
浠ヤ笅缍滃悎鍗板害鍌崇当灏嶈鍚堣鐨勭湅娉(鍏洟鍚堥噵)锛屼互鍙婅繎浠hタ鏂规⒌宸村鑰呯殑鎰忚锛屽皣涔嬪ぇ鍒嗗洓椤烇紝绱板垎涓冮锛屼篃灏辨槸灏嶅叚闆㈠悎閲嬪啀鍋氭绱嶏紝鎴愮偤涓夊ぇ椤烇紝涓︽妸涓嶅爆鏂艰┎鍏ó鐨勬鍏ャ屽彞娉曡鍚堣銆嶏紝鍙︾珛涓椤炪備笅闈究鏄欑ó鍒嗛鐨勭媭娉侊細
1. 涓﹀垪瑜囧悎瑭炪佺浉閬曢噵 (Dvanda samasa = Co-ordinative compounds)
瑜囧悎瑭A-B褰兼鐛ㄧ珛锛屽湴浣嶇浉绛夛紝鍏堕枔娌掓湁淇>闂滀總锛屽 hatthi-gavassa-
valavam = 璞°佺墰銆侀Μ銆侀ň锛kesa-massum = 楂侀瑲銆
2. 闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭 (Determinative compounds)
瑜囧悎瑭A-B涓涓讳竴寰烇紝閫氬父浠B鐐轰富锛A淇>B锛屼絾涔熸湁鍊掔疆鐨勩傚張锛屼竴
鑸獚鐐猴紝閯拌繎閲嬮洊涔熸槸A闄愬畾B锛屼絾瑾炵京閲嶅績鍦A銆傞檺瀹氳鍚堣鍙牴鎿氶檺瀹
瑭A鐨勮鎬э紝浠ュ強A灏B闄愬畾鏂瑰紡鐨勪笉鍚岋紝鍒嗘垚浠ヤ笅鏁搁锛
(1) 鏍奸檺瀹氳鍚堣銆佷緷涓婚噵 (Tappurisa samasa = Dependent compounds)
A浠ヤ富鏍艰垏鍛兼牸涔嬪鐨勫叚绋牸涔嬩竴锛岄檺瀹B锛屽bhatta-karako = 寤氬斧(鈥灏
鏍鈥闄愬畾)锛pitu-sadiso = 鑸囩埗瑕竴妯(鈥鍏锋牸鈥闄愬畾)锛putta-dara-hito = 鍒╃泭
濡诲厭(鈥鐐烘牸鈥闄愬畾)锛yoga-kkhemam = 闆㈣粵瀹夌┅(鈥寰炴牸鈥闄愬畾)锛rukkha-mule
= 妯逛笅 (鈥灞牸鈥闄愬畾)锛ayatana-kusalo = 鏂煎叆铏曞杽宸 (鈥铏曟牸鈥闄愬畾)銆
(2) 鍚屾牸闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭炪佹寔妤噵 (Kamma-dharaya samasa =
Descriptive compounds)
A鑸B鍚屾牸锛屾槸鍚屾牸闄愬畾闂滀總锛屽jambu-rukkho = 闁绘诞妯癸紝maha-puriso = 澶
浜銆傛澶栨垜鍊戜篃鎶A鐐哄壇瑭炴ц獮瑭炵殑鎯呮硜姝稿湪姝ら锛屾鏅A灏B鐨勯檺瀹氬爆
鏂笺屾剰缇┿嶇殑闄愬畾锛岃岄潪銆屾牸銆嶇殑闄愬畾锛屽tatha-gato = 濡備締锛a-manusso =
闈炰汉銆傞欎簩绋鍚堣涓紝鍓嶈(鍚屾牸闄愬畾)鍙ū鐐恒屾婧栧瀷鎸佹キ閲嬨嶏紝寰岃(鍓
瑭炴ч檺瀹)鍙彨鍋氥屾摯鍏呭瀷鎸佹キ閲嬨嶃
(3) 鏁搁檺瀹氳鍚堣銆佸付鏁搁噵 (Digu samasa =
Numerial-prifixed compounds)
甯舵暩閲嬫槸妯欐簴鍨嬫寔妤噵(鍚屾牸闄愬畾)鐨勪竴绋紝鏄A鐐烘暩瑭炵殑鎯呮硜锛屽dasa-silam
= 鍗佹垝锛satta-ratanani = 涓冨銆
(4) 涓嶈畩鍖栭檺瀹氳鍚堣銆侀劙杩戦噵 (Avyayibhava samasa =
Indeclinable compounds)
閯拌繎閲嬫槸銆屾摯鍏呭瀷鎸佹キ閲嬨(鍓鎬ч檺瀹)鐨勪竴鍊嬬壒娈婄媭娉侊紝鍗充笉浣A鏄屽壇
瑭炴ц獮瑭炪嶏紝鑰屼笖鏁村嬭鍚堣鍙栥屼腑鎬с佸柈鏁搞佸皪鏍笺嶅仛銆屽壇瑭炪嶇殑鎯呮硜锛
濡yava-jivam = 绲傜敓(濂夎)锛yatha-kammam = 闅ㄦキ(寰鐢)銆
3. 鎵鏈夎鍚堣銆佹湁璨¢噵 (Bahubbihi samasa = Possessive compounds)
绨″柈瑾紝鏈夎病閲嬪氨鏄笂杩般屼甫鍒楄鍚堣銆嶃併岄檺瀹氳鍚堣銆嶆垨浠ヤ笅銆屽彞娉曡
鍚堣銆嶇殑銆屽舰瀹硅鍖栥嶏紝瑜囧悎瑭A-B鍋氥屽舰瀹硅銆嶏紝淇>鍙︿竴鍊嬭獮瑭 (鍙ū
鐐恒屼腑蹇冭銆) C锛屾暣鍊嬨A-B C銆嶇祼妲嬩竴鑸剰璎傘C鏈A閭fǎ鐨B銆嶆垨
銆C鐨B鏄A閭fǎ鐨勩嶏紝鐣剁劧鍏烽珨鐨勬剰鎬濋爤渚濆闅涜獮澧冨仛閬╃暥瑾挎暣銆備腑蹇
瑭C涓鑸槸銆屽椤殑銆嶏紝濡eka-salake arame = 鍦ㄦ湁钁椾竴鍊嬭瑳鍫傜殑鍦掓灄涓锛
ayasma assaji okkhitta-cakkhu = 灏婅呴樋瑾ず(璧拌矾鏅)闆欑溂浣庡瀭锛屼篃鏈夌殑C鏄
銆岄毐鍚殑銆嶏紝濡khanti-mettqnuddaya-sampanno = 鍏锋湁蹇嶈颈銆佹厛鎰涗互鍙婃啇鎲
鐨勪汉锛catuppada = 鍥涢毣鑵崇殑鍕曠墿銆
4. 鍙ユ硶瑜囧悎瑭 (Syntactical compounds)
鍙ユ硶瑜囧悎瑭炴槸姝镐笉閫蹭笂杩板叚绋箣涓殑鎯呮硜锛A-B涔嬮枔鏃㈤潪涓﹀垪锛屼篃闈為檺瀹
闂滀總锛屽彧鍥犲湪鍙ヤ腑鏈夈屾剰缇╀笂鐨勫瘑鍒囪伅绻嶏紝鑰岃鏀惧湪涓璧凤紝鎴愮偤瑜囧悎瑭炪
濡ehi passa dhammam (渚嗙湅鐪嬫硶鍚) >
ehipassiko dhammo = 娉曟槸鍊煎緱璜嬩汉渚
鐪嬬殑锛panna-sabbam bandhati (缍佷笂妯硅憠浣滅偤妯欒獙) > panna-bandhana-sabbam
= 缍佷笂妯硅憠浣滅偤妯欒獙鐨勬儏褰(鎴栫繏淇)銆
浜屻佸悇椤炶鍚堣鍒嗚鑸囪垑渚
1. 涓﹀垪瑜囧悎瑭炪佺浉閬曢噵 (Dvanda samasa = Co-ordinative compounds)
(1) 閲嬪悕锛鈥渄vanda鈥 鎰忚瑐銆屼簩鍊嬫垨澶氬嬫鎴愮殑涓绲勬澅瑗裤(pair or couple)銆
(2) 鎴愬摗A-B涔嬮枔褰兼鐛ㄧ珛锛屽湴浣嶇浉鐣讹紝娌掓湁淇>闂滀總 (鐩哥暥鏂肩渷鐣ヤ簡
ca鎴va)銆
(3) 渚濇垚鍝A-B鐨勮鎬у垎锛屽彲鏈変互涓嬫暩绋儏褰細
(a) 閫氬父鐢便屽悕瑭炪嶈鍚堣屾垚(澶氬仛鍚嶈鐢)锛
鈥piti-sukham =鍠溿佹▊锛udayattham = 鐢熴佹粎 (浠ヤ笂涓у柈鏁革紝琛ㄩ泦
鍚堟垨涓楂)銆
鈥ahi-vicchika = 铔囥佽爫锛bati-mitta = 瑕佹湅 (浠ヤ笂瑜囨暩锛岃〃鍊嬪垾鎴
澶氭ǎ)锛disa-vidisa = 鍒拌檿(鍋氬壇瑭)銆
(b) 灏戞暩鐢便屽舰瀹硅銆嶆鎴(鍋氬舰瀹硅鐢)锛
鈥kanha-sukka = 榛戣垏鐧界殑銆
鈥sama-sama = 瀹屽叏涓妯g殑锛sorata-sorata = 妤靛拰鍠勭殑锛khuddanu-
khudaka = 灏忎箣鍙堝皬鐨 (妤靛皬鐨)銆傘愭敞銆戯細銆岄噸瑜囪獮銆嶆鎴愮殑瑜囧悎
瑭炰笉鏄撴椤烇紝鏆鏂兼銆
(c) 妤靛皯鏁哥敱銆屽壇瑭炪嶆鎴(鍋氬壇瑭炵敤)锛
鈥puna-p-punam = 涓鍐嶄竴鍐嶅湴锛ajjhatta-bahiddha = 鍏с佸锛uddam-
adho = 涓娿佷笅銆
(d) 瑷卞銆屾暩瑭炪嶇殕鐐虹浉閬曢噵锛
鈥dvadasa = 浜岃垏鍗 (鍗佷簩)锛pabca-dasa = 浜旇垏鍗 (鍗佷簲)锛caturasiti
= 鍥涜垏鍏崄 (鍏崄鍥)銆
2. 闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭 (Determinative compounds)
鍑¤鍚堣 A-B涓紝A浠ユ煇绋柟寮忋岄檺瀹氥(鎴栦慨椋) B鑰咃紝璎備箣闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭炪
渚A鐨勮鎬у強灏B鐨勪笉鍚岄檺瀹氭柟寮忥紝鍙垎浠ヤ笅鏁哥ó銆
(1) 鏍奸檺瀹氳鍚堣銆佷緷涓婚噵 (Tappurisa samasa = Dependent compounds)
閲嬪悕锛鈥渢appurisa鈥 (tat-purisa) 鎰忚瑐銆浠栫殑浜銆(his person灞牸闄愬畾)锛屾垨銆閭
鍊嬩汉銆(that person鍚屾牸闄愬畾)锛屾湰韬嵆闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭炵殑涓渚 (浠ヤ緥鐐哄悕)銆A-B
涓紝B鏄腑蹇冭锛A鏄B鐨勯檮灞垨淇>涔嬭獮锛屽洜姝よ瑐涔嬨屼緷 鈥涓鈥 閲嬨嶃
鎴愬摗A閫氬父鐐哄悕瑭炴垨浠e悕瑭烇紝瀹冭垏鎴愬摗B涔嬮枔鐨勯棞淇傚彲鑳芥湁闄や富鏍艰垏
鍛兼牸涔嬪鐨勫叚绋屾牸閲嬨(灏嶆牸闂滀總鏈灏戯紝灞牸鏈澶)銆
鎴愬摗B鍙兘鐐猴細
涓鑸悕瑭烇細 rukkha-mulam = 妯-涓锛bhikkhu-savgho = 姣斾笜-鐪銆
鍕曚綔鍚嶈锛dukkha-nirodho = 鑻-婊锛adinnadanam = 涓嶈垏-鍙銆
浣滆呭悕瑭烇細go-ghatako = 灞犵墰鑰锛metta-vihari = 鎱-浣忚锛dhamma-
dharo = 鎸佹硶甯锛loka-vidu = 涓栭枔-瑙銆
閬庡幓鍒嗚锛sila-sampanno = 鍏疯冻-鎴掕锛brahma-datto = 姊-鎺锛
appamada-rato = 妯傛柤-涓嶆斁閫搞
鏈締琚嫊鍒嗚锛manasi-karaniya dhamma = 鈥鎳変綔-鎰鈥涔嬫硶锛maggo
piti-gamaniyo = 鈥鑳藉皫鑷(寮曠敓)-鍠滄倕鈥涔嬮亾锛cakkhu-
vibbana-vibbatabba dhamma = 鈥鐪-璀-鎵鑳戒簡鍒鈥涔嬫硶銆
褰㈠瑭烇細matu-sadiso = 鑸囨瘝瑕竴妯锛deva-samo = 鑸囧ぉ鍚岀瓑锛brahma-
samo = 鑸囨⒌鍚岀瓑锛dhatu-kusalo = 鏂肩晫鍠勫阀锛ayatana-kusalo =
鏂煎叆铏曞杽宸锛 kaya-gutti-kusalo = 鏂艰韬杽宸銆
鏁歌锛gatha-satam = 鐧惧亪锛pabca vassa-sahassani = 浜斿崈骞銆
炉 鎴愬摗A鍙兘淇濈暀鍘熶締鐨勬牸璁婂寲锛屽锛
鈥antam-karo = 婊呯洝鑰锛kalam-kato = 姝昏锛sabbam-jaho = 妫勬崹涓鍒囪
(灏嶆牸)銆
鈥pubbe-nivaso = 瀹夸綇 (鍓嶄笘鐨勫瓨鍦)锛majjhe-kalyana = 涓杽锛manasi-
karo = 浣滄剰锛ante-vasi = 鍏т綇鑰(寮熷瓙) 锛nabhasi-gama = 鍦ㄥぉ绌鸿
璧 (铏曟牸)銆
(2) 鍚屾牸闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭炪佹寔妤噵 (Kamma-dharaya samasa = Descriptive compounds)
閲嬪悕锛鈥渒amma-dharaya鈥 鎰忚瑐銆鎸佹キ銆嶃A-B涓紝A鏄B鎵甯剁殑銆屾キ銆
(鐗硅唱銆佸爆鎬)锛屽父鐐恒屽悓浣嶈獮銆嶆垨銆屽舰瀹硅銆嶃
姝よ檿姒傚垎銆屾婧栧瀷銆嶈垏銆屾摯鍏呭瀷銆嶄簩绋紝妯欐簴鍨嬫寔妤噵鎸囪鍚堣A-B鐐
銆屽悕瑭炴 + 鍚嶈鎬с(鏈甯歌鐨勬槸銆屽悕瑭 + 鍚嶈銆嶆垨銆屽舰瀹硅 + 鍚嶈銆)锛
涔熷氨鏄湡姝c屽悓鏍笺嶉檺瀹氱殑鎯呮硜銆傚付鏁搁噵鍗虫槸姝ゅ瀷鐨勪竴鍊嬬壒渚 (A鐐烘暩
瑭炵殑鎯呮硜)銆傛摯鍏呭瀷鎸佹キ閲嬫寚鎴愬摗A鐐恒屽壇瑭炴ц獮瑭炪(鍖呮嫭鎺ラ牠瑭炪佷笉
璁婂寲瑭炪佸壇瑭炵瓑)锛屾垚鍝B鐐恒屽悕瑭炴ц獮瑭炪(鍖呮嫭鍚嶈銆佸舰瀹硅銆佸垎瑭
绛)锛屼篃灏辨槸A鑸B涔嬮枔鐨勯棞淇備笉鏄屾牸銆嶇殑闄愬畾锛岃屾槸銆屾剰缇┿嶇殑闄
瀹氥傞劙杩戦噵鍗虫槸姝ゅ瀷鐨勪竴鍊嬬壒渚 (鏁村嬭鍚堣鍙栦腑鎬с佸柈鏁搞佸皪鏍硷紝鍋
鍓鐨勬儏娉)銆
浠ヤ笅渚A-B鐨勮鎬ц垑渚嬭鏄庯細
(a) 鍚嶈 + 鍚嶈锛
銆愬悓浣嶄慨椋俱 sala-rukkho = 娌欑緟-妯锛pabbindriyam = 鎱-鏍锛tejo-
dhatu = 鐏-鐣锛Sariputta-thero = 鑸嶅埄寮-闀疯锛avuso-vadena =
浠ユ湅鍙嬮欏嬭銆
銆愯鍠讳慨椋(鍚嶈+鍚嶈)锛岃鍠昏甯稿緦缃 mukha-cando = 鏈堜竴鑸(鐨庡ソ)
鐨勮噳锛purisusabho = 鐗涗竴鑸(寮峰/)鐨勪汉銆
(b) 褰㈠瑭 + 鍚嶈锛
銆愬舰瀹硅 + 鍚嶈銆maha-puriso = 澶-浜锛pubba-jati = 鍓-鐢熴
銆愰亷鍘诲垎瑭 + 鍚嶈銆jinna-kobca = 鑰-榉锛bata-manussa = 鍚-浜锛
katipaham = 鏁告棩(鍋氬壇瑭)锛digha-rattam = 闀峰(鍋氬壇瑭)銆
銆愯〃閬旂壒璩垨娈婂嫕鎰忕京鐨勫舰瀹硅甯稿緦缃Rahula-bhaddo = 缇鐣缇呰穻
闄(鍚夌ゥ鐨勭緟鐣缇)锛ratana-varo = 鑷充笂涔嬪锛muni-pavaro = 鑷
涓婄殑鐗熷凹锛kamma-settham = 娈婂嫕涔嬫キ銆
銆愬悕瑭炴 + 閬庡幓鍒嗚銆戯細銆愮郴灞慨椋撅紝绯诲爆鎬ц唱(Adj./Noun) + 琛ㄧ郴灞
鐨勫垎瑭 (鈥鏄鈥銆鈥瑕栫偤鈥銆鈥瑾嶇偤鈥)绛夈kusala-savkhato = 琚鐐哄杽锛
cakkhu-bhuto bana-bhuto dhamma-bhuto brahma-bhuto = 浠栨槸鐪笺佷粬
鏄櫤銆佷粬鏄硶銆佷粬鏄⒌锛settha-sammato = (閭)琚獚鐐烘渶涓(涔嬩汉)
銆(姝ら涔熷彲鐪嬩綔褰㈠瑭炲緦缃殑鎯呭舰)銆
(c) 鍚嶈 + 褰㈠瑭烇細
銆愯鍠讳慨椋 (鍚嶈 + 褰㈠瑭)锛岃鍠昏缃墠銆jalada-sama = 濡傞洸涓鑸
榛锛hima-sisira = 鍍忓啺涓妯e喎銆
(d) 鍓鎬 + 鍚嶈鎬э細(鎿村厖鍨嬫寔妤噵)
miccha-caro = 閭鑰锛sakad-agami = 涓渚嗚锛su-gato = 鍠勯锛
ati-devo = 瓒呯 (浠ヤ笂杞変綔鏈夎病閲)銆 a-vijja = 鐒℃槑锛su-gati = 鍠勮叮
(浠ヤ笂浣滃悕瑭)銆bahi-dvare = 闁澶锛antara-magge = 涓锛puna-
divase = 闅斿ぉ(浠ヤ笂鍋氬壇瑭)銆
銆pubba淇>p.p.鏅傦紝甯稿緦缃assuta-pubbo = 鍓嶆墍鏈仦锛dinna-
pubbam = 閬庡幓鎵鏂銆bhuta-pubbam = 寰炲墠(鍋氬壇瑭)銆
(3) 鏁搁檺瀹氳鍚堣銆佸付鏁搁噵 (Digu samasa = Numerial-prifixed compounds)
閲嬪悕锛鈥渄igu鈥 = 浜岄牠鐗锛屾槸甯舵暩閲嬬殑涓渚 (浠ヤ緥鐐哄悕)銆
濡傚墠杩帮紝甯舵暩閲嬫槸鎸佹キ閲嬬殑涓鍊嬬壒娈婃儏褰紝鏄屽悓鏍笺嶉檺瀹氱殑鎯呮硜銆傜敱
鏂兼暩瑭炴湁銆屽舰瀹硅銆嶈垏銆屽悓浣嶈獮銆嶇殑浜岀ó鐢ㄦ硶锛屽洜姝ゅ付鏁搁噵涔熷彲绱板垎銆
鍚屼綅闄愬畾銆嶈垏銆屽舰瀹归檺瀹氥嶄簩绋
鍚屼綅闄愬畾锛visati-manussa = 浜屽崄浜锛sahassa-bhikkhu = 鍗冩瘮涓銆
炉 褰㈠闄愬畾锛catur-itthiyo = 鍥涘嬪コ浜锛pabca-kkhandha = 浜旇槉銆
掳 鏁村嬭鍚堣鍙仛涓鑸悕瑭烇紝鎺¤鏁革紝濡catuddisa = 鍥涙柟锛sattabhojjhavga
= 涓冭鏀銆備篃鍙仛闆嗗悎鍚嶈锛屾帯涓у柈鏁革紝濡catuddisam = 鍥涙柟锛sal-
ayatanam = 鍏叆铏銆
卤 闄や簡鍋氬悕瑭炲锛屼篃鏈変綔鍓鐨勶紝濡catuggunam = 鍥涢噸锛tikkhattum = 涓
鍖锛sattaham = (閫g簩)涓冩棩銆傛湁杞変綔鏈夎病閲嬬殑锛屽catuppada = 鍥涜叧鐨(鍕
鐗)锛dvi-jo = 浜岀敓鐨(槌ャ佺墮榻掋佸﹩缇呴杸)銆
(4) 涓嶈畩鍖栭檺瀹氳鍚堣銆侀劙杩戦噵 (Avyayibhava samasa = Indeclinable compounds)
閲嬪悕锛鈥渁vyayibhava鈥 = 涓嶈畩鍖栨銆(avyaya < a-vi-i + bhava < bhu)
濡傚墠杩帮紝閯拌繎閲嬫槸鎸佹キ閲嬬殑涓鍊嬬壒娈婃儏褰紝鎴愬摗A鐐恒屽壇瑭炴ц獮瑭炪(鍖
鎷帴闋銆佷笉璁婂寲瑭炪佸壇瑭炵瓑)锛屾垚鍝B鐐恒屽悕瑭炴ц獮瑭炪(鍖呮嫭鍚嶈銆佸舰
瀹硅銆佸垎瑭炵瓑)锛A鑸B涔嬮枔鏄屾剰缇┿嶇殑闄愬畾锛岃屾暣鍊嬭鍚堣鍙栦腑鎬с
鍠暩銆佸皪鏍硷紝鍋氬壇瑭炵敤銆
渚濇垚鍝A-B鐨勬鎴愰鍨嬪垎鍒ヨ垑渚嬶細
(a) 鎺ラ牠瑭 + 鍚嶈锛anu-vassam = 姣忓勾锛pati-sotamz = 閫嗘祦銆
(b) 涓嶈畩鍖栬 + 鍚嶈锛yatha-sattim = 渚濆叾鑳藉姏锛tiro-kuddam = 绌跨墕锛
tiro-pakaram = 瓒婂锛tiro-dussam = 闅旇憲甯冨箷銆
3. 鎵鏈夎鍚堣銆佹湁璨¢噵 (Bahubbihi samasa = Possessive compounds)
閲嬪悕锛鈥渂ahubbihi鈥 鎰忚瑐銆鏈夎憲寰堝绋荤背鐨(鍦版柟)銆嶏紝鏄湁璨¢噵鐨勪竴渚 (浠
渚嬬偤鍚)銆
鏈夎病閲(浠ャA-B C銆嶈〃涔)鍙垎銆岀嫻缇┿嶈垏銆屽唬缇┿嶄簩绋傜嫻缇╃殑鏈夎病
閲嬫湁涓夊嬫浠讹細(1)瀹冪殑鏈寰屾垚鍝B鐐恒屽悕瑭炪嶏紝(2)鏁村嬭鍚堣杞変綔銆屽舰
瀹硅銆嶇敤锛屼慨椋俱屽椤嶆垨銆岄毐鍚嶇殑涓績瑭C锛(3)鍚湁銆屾湁钁鈥銆嶄箣
鎰忥紝浠A-B淇>C鑰岃█锛屾剰璎傘C鏈夎憲A閭fǎ鐨B銆嶆垨銆C鐨A鏄B
閭fǎ鐨勩嶃傚pahuta-jivha = 寤i暦-鑸 > pahuta-jivho manavo = 鍏锋湁寤i暦鑸
鐨-瀛╁瓙锛屽瀛-鏈夎憲寤i暦涔嬭垖锛屽瀛-鐨勮垖闋張闀峰張澶銆傚唬缇╃殑鏈夎病閲嬪墖
鎸囥屼换浣曡綁浣滃舰瀹硅鐢ㄧ殑瑜囧悎瑭炪嶏紝濡cakkhu-vibbeyya rupa = 鐪-鎵鑳戒簡
鍒ョ殑-鑹銆
鏈夎病閲嬪湪绲愭涓婃湁鏅傛渻浠ユ帴闋 sa- 琛ㄣ屽叿鏈夈嶏紝a- /an- 琛ㄣ屼笉鍏锋湁銆
涔嬫剰銆傝獮灏句緷 -a (m.) / -am (n.) / -a (f.) 璁婂寲锛屾垨闄勫姞 -ka / -aka / -ika / -in
鍐嶅仛璁婂寲銆
炉 鐢变笂闈㈢殑瀹氱京鍙煡锛屾湁璨¢噵鏄敱鍏朵粬瑜囧悎瑭炩斺斿寘鎷浉閬曢噵銆佷緷涓婚噵銆佹寔
妤噵銆佸付鏁搁噵绛夆斺旇綁璁婇亷渚嗙殑銆備互涓嬩究鍒嗗垾鑸変緥锛
(a) 鐢辩浉閬曢噵渚嗙殑锛
鈥candala-vamsiko = 琛ㄦ紨鐗规妧鐨勪汉(鑰嶅紕閻电悆锛屼互鍙婂湪绔圭闋傜琛ㄦ紨
鎴栫珯銆佹垨鍧愩佹垨鑷ョ瓑绋ó鐗规妧鐨勪汉)銆
鈥sariram sa-mamsa-lohitam = 韬珨(灞嶉珨)鈥鏈夎憲琛鑲鈥銆
鈥samana-brahmana antanantika = 鈥鎸佹湁閭婃垨鐒¢倞涔嬭鐨鈥娌欓杸濠嗙緟闁銆
鈥sa-tina-katthodakam desam gacchi = 浠栧幓鍒颁竴铏鈥鏈夎憲闈掕崏銆佽柂鏉愩
椋叉按鐨鈥鍦版柟銆
鈥ayam abalabalo viya, manda-mando viya, bhakutika-bhakutiko viya =
浠栫湅璧蜂締鈥鐒$簿鎵撳僵銆佹剼绗ㄤ笉鍫佹剚鐪夎嫤鑷鈥銆(姝や緥鏆鏂兼)
(b) 鐢变緷涓婚噵渚嗙殑锛
鈥kumaro go-pakhumo = 瀛╁瓙鐨鈥鐫瘺鍍忕墰鐨勪竴鑸(婕備寒)鈥銆
鈥bhikkhu patta-hattha = 姣斾笜鍊鈥鎵嬩笂鎷胯憲缂鈥銆
鈥tesu sabba-pacchimako sotapanno sabbuttamo anagami ahosi = 浠栧
鈥鍏ㄩ儴鐣朵腑鐨勬渶涓嬭鈥寰鈥闋堥檧娲鈥锛鈥鏈涓婅鈥寰鈥闃块偅鍚鈥銆
鈥Sabbe satta marissanti, jivitam hi maranantam; Yathakammam
gamissanti, pubba-papa-phalgpaga; nirayam papa-kammanta, pubba-
kamma ca suggatim. = 涓鍒囩溇鐢熼兘鏈冩浜★紝姝讳骸鏄敓鍛界殑绲傞粸锛
浠栧戦毃妤線鐢燂紝鈥闋樺彈鎴栧杽鎴栨儭鐨勬灉鍫鈥锛鈥閫犳儭鐨鈥(澧叆)鍦扮崉锛
鈥琛屽杽鐨鈥(寰鐢)鍠勮叮銆(maranantam鎸佹キ閲嬭綁浣滄湁璨¢噵)
(c) 鐢辨寔妤噵渚嗙殑锛
鈥chinna-papabco buddho = 浣鈥宸叉柗濡勫煼鈥銆
鈥dhammo gambhiro dud-daso dur-anubodho = 鐢氭繁銆鈥闆h鈥銆鈥闆d互
浜嗘偀涔鈥娉曘
鈥sana-bharo su-sannaddho = (瑁濊憲)楹诲竷鐨勮瀛鈥鎹嗗緱寰堢穵鈥銆
鈥amutrqsim evam-namo evam-gotto evam-vanno evam-aharo evam-
sukha-dukkha-patisamvedi evam-ayu-pariyanto =
鍦ㄩ偅瑁★紝鎴戞湁鈥閫
妯g殑鍚嶅瓧銆侀欐ǎ鐨勫姘忋侀欐ǎ鐨勯殠绱氥(鍙楃敤)閫欐ǎ鐨勯鐗鈥锛屾劅
鍙楅欐ǎ鐨勮嫤妯傦紝鈥鏈夐欐ǎ鐨勫=閲鈥銆(sukha-dukkha-patisamvedi渚濅富
閲嬭綁浣滄湁璨¢噵)
鈥Upalissa gahapatissa tasmim yeva asane vi-rajam vita-malam dhamma-
cakkhum udapadi : yam kibci samudaya-dhammam sabban tam
nirodha-dhamman ti = 鍎﹩闆㈠眳澹氨鍦ㄥ骇涓婄敓璧鈥閬犲〉銆侀洟鍨㈢殑鈥
娉曠溂锛氫竴鍒 鈥鍏锋湁闆嗚捣鎬ц唱鐨鈥浜嬬墿锛岀殕鈥鍏峰婊呮鈥銆
鈥atta-dipa viharatha atta-sarana an-abba-sarana, dhamma-dipa viharatha
dhamma-sarana an-abba-sarana = 浣犲戞噳瑭鈥浠ヨ嚜宸卞仛娲叉笟鈥锛鈥浠ヨ嚜
宸卞仛渚濋潬鈥锛鈥涓嶈渚濋潬鍒ヤ汉鈥锛涙噳瑭鈥浠ユ硶鍋氭床娓鈥锛鈥浠ユ硶鍋氫緷闈鈥
锛鈥涓嶈渚濋潬鍒ョ殑浜嬬墿鈥銆
鈥mano-pubbavgama dhamma mano-settha = 璜告硶鈥浠ユ剰鐐哄厛灏庯紝浠ユ剰
鐐烘渶涓鈥銆
鈥arogya-parama labha, santutthi-paramam dhanam, vissasa-parama
bati, nibbanam paramam sukham = 鈥鍋ュ悍鏄渶涓婄殑鍒╃泭锛岀煡瓒虫槸鏈
涓婄殑璨″瘜锛屼俊璩存槸鏈涓婄殑瑕垰锛屾秴妲冩槸鏈涓婄殑蹇▊鈥 (Dhp.204)銆
鈥Buddha-pamukho bhikkhu-savgo = 鈥浠ヤ經鐐轰笂棣栫殑鈥姣斾笜鐪俱
鈥с愭帴搴忔暩鐨勩Anando
atta-dutiyo = 闃块洠鈥浠ヨ嚜宸辩偤绗簩鈥 (闃块洠甯
钁椾竴浣嶅弸浼)銆
puriso tanha-dutiyo digham addhanam samsaram = 鈥浠ヨ勃鎰涚偤浼寸殑鈥
浜猴紝闀锋檪杓看銆
adhivasetu me bhante bhagava svatanaya atta-catuttho bhattan ti = 璜
涓栧皧鏄庢棩鈥鑸囧叾浠栦笁浣嶅弸浼鈥涓璧锋帴鍙楁垜鐨勪緵椁娿
鈥vanijo appa-sattho mahad-dhano = 閫欏晢浜鈥鍟嗛殜灏忋佽病瀵屽鈥銆
鈥khinasavo = 婕忕洝鑰锛akata-papo = 涓嶅啀閫犳儭涔嬩汉锛 avkita-
kannako = 绌挎湁鑰虫礊鐨勪汉銆a-soko = 鐒℃唫鑰锛miccha-ditthiko =
鎸侀偑瑕嬭銆
鈥marana-mattam dukkham = 鈥鍍忚姝诲幓閭fǎ鐨鈥鐥涜嫤 (鐥涜嫤娆茬禃)銆
(-matta绲愬熬鐨勶紝琛ㄣ屽儚鈥鐨勭▼搴︼紝骞句箮鈥锛屽儏鍍鈥銆)
(d) 鐢卞付鏁搁噵渚嗙殑锛
鈥eka-bhattiko = (鏃)涓椋熻呫
鈥tevijjo = 鍏蜂笁鏄庤呫
鈥kubjaro satthi-hayano = 鈥鍏崄姝茬殑鈥璞°
鈥pabca-mattani bhikkhu-satani = 鐧炬瘮涓鈥鍏舵暩鏈変簲鈥(鐐烘暩浜旂櫨鐨
姣斾笜)銆
4. 鍙ユ硶瑜囧悎瑭 (Syntactical compounds)
濡傚墠杩帮紝骞惧嬫棦闈炰甫鍒楋紝浜﹂潪闄愬畾闂滀總鐨勮獮瑭烇紝鏈夋檪鍊欏洜鐐恒屾湁钁楁剰缇╀笂
鐨勫瘑鍒囬棞閫c嶏紝缍撳父鍦ㄥ彞瀛愯!涓璧峰嚭鐝撅紝鑰岀祼鍚堝湪涓璧凤紝閫欑ó瑜囧悎瑭炲氨
鍙仛銆屽彞娉曡鍚堣銆嶃
浠ヤ笅渚濆叾绲愭鏂瑰紡鍒嗗垾鑸変緥锛
(a) 閫g簩楂 + 鍚嶈锛
鈥viceyya-danam = 瀵╁療鏂(缍撻亷瀵╁療涔嬪緦鐨勫竷鏂)銆
鈥patcca-samuppado = 绶h捣 (绶f柤姊濅欢涔嬭仛鍚堣屽緦鐢熻捣)銆
鈥avecca-ppasadena = 鍏疯冻涓嶅娣ㄤ俊 (纰虹劧銆佹焙瀹氱殑娣ㄤ俊)銆
(b) 閫g簩楂 + 閬庡幓鍒嗚锛
鈥uddissa-katam mamsam = 鐗瑰垾(鐐鸿嚜宸)婧栧倷鐨勮倝銆
鈥a-dhicca-samuppanno = 鐒″洜鑰岀敓銆
(c) 鍏朵粬褰㈠紡锛
鈥aham-karo = 鎴戝煼锛mamam-karo = 鎴戞墍鍩锛asmi-mano = 鎴戞參銆
鈥ehi-passiko dhammo = (涓栧皧鏁欏皫鐨)娉曟槸鍊煎緱閭浜轰締鐪嬬殑銆
鈥ehi-bhadantiko = (鎺ュ彈)銆屽皧鑰咃紝璜嬩締锛併嶇殑浜銆tittha-bhadantiko =
(鎺ュ彈)銆屽皧鑰咃紝璜嬬暀姝ワ紒銆嶇殑浜銆
鈥ehi-bhikkhu-pabbajjaya pabbajetva = 浠ャ屽杽渚嗭紝姣斾笜锛併嶄箣瑾炲害浠ゅ嚭
瀹銆
鈥te mihita-pubbavgama ehi-svagata-vadino = 浠栧戠附鏄厛闇插嚭寰瑧锛岀劧
寰岃锛氥屼締鍚э紒姝¤繋涔嬭嚦锛併銆
鈥abba-d-atthu = 蹇呭畾銆佺附涔嬶紝鍙嶈銆
鈥ma-ghato = 绂佸睜銆
鈥iti-haso = 姝峰彶銆佸彛鍌充箣瑾 (= iti ha aso鏄欐ǎ閫欐ǎ鐨)銆
鈥iti-vuttaka = 濡傛槸瑾(缍) ( < vuttam h鈥 etam bhagavata 涓栧皧閫欐ǎ瑾)銆
鈥a-kib-cano = 涓鐒℃墍鏈夌殑浜 (褰㈠pabbajito鍑哄浜)銆
鈥nevasabbanasabbayatanam = 闈炴兂闈為潪鎯宠檿銆
涓夈佽鍚堣鐨勯i煶璁婂寲
鎴愬摗A鑸B鍦ㄦ鎴愯鍚堣A-B鏅傦紝A鑸B鐨勫瓧灏惧悇鏈変竴浜涜獮闊宠畩鍖栵紝闇瑕佹敞鎰忋
1. 鎴愬摗A鐨勮獮闊宠畩鍖栵細
(1) 鎴愬摗A鐐 -a 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岄亣鍒B鐐哄瓧鏍kar鍙bhu鐨勬淳鐢熻鏅傦紝A鐨勫瓧灏
甯歌畩鎴 -i (灏戞暩璁婃垚 -i )锛
鈥dubbala-kata > dubbali-kata = 璁婂急
鈥bahula-kata > bahuli-kata = 澶氫綔(澶氫慨缈)
鈥sita-bhuta > siti-bhuta = 娓呮都
鈥missa-bhuta > missi-bhuta = 鐩歌檿銆佸悎鏈
鈥sammukha-bhava > sammukhi-bhavam = 鐣堕潰 (鍓)
鈥eka-bhava > eki-bhava = 鍜屽悎(鐒¤珝)锛屽柈鐛
(2) 鎴愬摗A鐐虹敺鎬 -u 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屽父鏈冭畩鎴 -u (涔熸湁涓嶅皯淇濈暀 -u鐨)锛
鈥vibbu-jatika > vibbu-jatika = 鏈夋櫤鎱х殑(浜)
鈥vibbu-(p)pasattha > vibbu-ppasattha / vibbu-pasattha = 鐐烘櫤鑰呮墍绋辫畾
鈥vibbu-(g)garahita > vibbu-ggarahita / vibbu-garahita = 鐐烘櫤鑰呮墍瑷惰铂
鈥vibbu-desita > vibbu-desita = 鏅鸿呮墍鏁
(3) 鎴愬摗A鐐恒go = 鐗銆嶏紝瑜囧悎鏅傦紝閬囧埌瀛愰煶涓嶈畩锛岄亣鍒版瘝闊宠畩鎴 gav-锛
鈥go-ghatako = 灞犵墰鐨勪汉
鈥go-assam > gav-assam = 鐗涢Μ
(4) 鎴愬摗A鐐哄コ鎬
-a,-i,-u 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屽皯鏁告儏娉佹渻璁婄煭闊筹細
鈥metta-citto > metta-citto = (浠)鍏锋湁鎱堝績
鈥puppha-kannika-sadisa > puppha-kannika-sadisa = 鑺辫嫗涓鑸殑(鍏掑瓙)
鈥dasi-dasam > dasi-dasam = 濠㈠コ鑸囧儠浜 (闆嗗悎鍚嶈)
鈥Baranasi-raja > Baranasi-raja = 娉㈢緟濂堢帇
鈥Jambu-rukkha-mule > Jambu-rukkha-mule = 闁绘诞妯逛笅 (Jambu浜︿綔 -u)
(5) 鎴愬摗A鐐 -ar绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屽父璁婃垚 -u锛
鈥pitar-rakkhita > pitu-rakkhita = 鐐虹埗瑕墍瀹堣
鈥pitar-soko > pitu-soko = 灏(姝诲幓)鐖惰Κ鐨勬偛鍌
鈥pitar-cittam > pitu-cittam = 灏嶅緟鐖惰Κ涔嬪績 (寮熷瓙灏嶉樋闂嶆ⅷ)
鈥matar-ghatako > matu-ghatako = 寮掓瘝鑰
鍦ㄧ浉閬曢噵涓pitar鍙matar瑾炲熬璁婃垚 -a (涓绘牸鍠暩褰)锛
鈥matar-pitar > mata-pitaro = 鐖舵瘝
鈥pitar-putta > pita-putta = 鐖跺瓙
鑰屽皯鏁告儏娉侊紝涔熸湁璁婃垚piti-, petti-, mati-, matti- 鐨勶細
鈥pitar-gottam > piti-gottam = 鐖跺
鈥pitar-ghata-kammam > piti-ghata-kammam = 娈虹埗涔嬫キ
鈥pitar-ghatino > petti-ghatino = 寮掔埗鑰 (娉ㄩ噵 = pitu-ghatika)
鈥matar-gottam > mati-gottam = 姣嶅
鈥matar-gho > matti-gho = 寮掓瘝鑰 (娉ㄩ噵 = mati-ghatiko)
鈥matar-sambhava > matti-sambhavo = 姣嶈Κ鎵鐢熺殑
(6) 鎴愬摗A鐐 -as 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屽父璁婃垚 -o锛
鈥apas-dhatu > apo-dhatu = 姘寸晫
鈥tejas-sabbi > tejo-sabbi = 浣滅伀鎯
鈥manas-vibbana > mano-vibbanam = 鎰忚瓨
鍙槸涔熸湁灏戞暩璁婃垚 -a, -i锛屾垨缍寔 -as鐨勶細
鈥uras-ga > ura-go = 鑳歌鑰呫佽泧
鈥vacas-kammam > vaci-kammam = 瑾炴キ
鈥rajas-sira > rajas-siro = 婊块牠濉靛湡 (涓嶈畩)
(7) 鎴愬摗A鐐 -in, -an 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屼笩澶辨湯灏惧瓙闊筹紝璁婃垚 -i, -a锛
鈥hatthin-ratanam > hatthi-ratanam = 璞″
鈥dipin-cammam > dipi-cammam = 璞圭毊
鈥rajan-duto > raja-duto = 鐜嬩娇 (鐜嬬殑浣胯)
(8) 鎴愬摗A鐐 -ant 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屼技鐒″畾鍓囷細
鈥mahant-muni > maha-muni = 澶х墴灏
鈥balavant-gavo > balava-gavo = (寮峰/)鏈夊姏鐨勭墰
鈥sant-dhammo > sat-dhammo > saddhammo = 姝f硶
鈥bhagavant-rupa > bhagavanta-rupa = 鍍忎笘灏婁竴妯g殑浜
鈥bhagavant-mulaka dhamma > bhagavam-mulaka dhamma = 涓栧皧鏄暀娉曠殑
鏍规湰 (bhagavam-nettika bhagavam-patisarana = 涓栧皧鏄暀娉曠殑鐪肩洰銆涓栧皧
鏄暀娉曠殑渚濇铏)
(9) 鎴愬摗A鐐轰唬瑭炶垏鏁歌锛岃鍚堟檪锛屽父鏈夋暩绋笉鍚岀殑瑜囧悎褰㈠紡锛
鈥tad-karo > tak-karo = 鍋氶偅浠朵簨 (閭fǎ鍋)
鈥tvam-natho aham > tvan-natho aham = 鎴戜互浣犵偤渚濇
鏁歌銆屼簩銆嶆湁dvi-, dve-, di-, du-, duv- 绛夊绋鍚堝舰锛屽
鈥di-jo = dvi-jo = duvi-jo = 鍐嶇敓鑰 (槌ワ紝濠嗙緟闁绛変笂涓夌ó闅庣礆锛岀墮榻掞紝铔)
鈥du-masikam = 浜屽嬫湀
鈥dve-masam = 浜屽嬫湀
鈥duv-avgulam = 浜屾寚
鏁歌銆屽洓銆嶆湁catu-, catur-, catur-, culla-, cula- , cu(r)- 绛夊绋鍚堝舰锛屽
鈥(nivattham) catu-kannakam = 鍥涜琛
鈥bhikkhu catud-diso hoti = 姣斾笜閬婅鍥涙柟
鈥catur-itthiyo = 鍥涘嬪コ浜
鈥cullasiti-maha-kappe = 鏂煎叓鍗佸洓澶у姭涓
鈥culasiti-sahassani = 鍏惉鍥涘崈
鈥cuddasindriya = 鍗佸洓鏍
鏁歌銆屽叚銆嶆湁cha-, chal-, sal- 绛夊绋鍚堝舰锛屽
鈥cha-dhaturo puriso cha-phassayatano = 浜烘湁鍏晫銆佸叚瑙歌檿
鈥chal-abhijatiyo = 鍏敓椤
鈥chal-abhibbo = 鍏峰叚閫氳
鈥chaddisa = 鍏柟
鈥chabbaggiya bhikkhu = 鍏兢姣斾笜 (鍏汉鎵鎴愮殑閭d竴缇ゆ瘮涓)
鈥tena chabbaggo yapema = 閫欐ǎ锛屾垜鍊戝叚浜哄氨鑳藉瓨娲
鈥sal-ayatanam = 鍏叆铏
(10) 鏈変竴浜涖屾瘝闊崇祼灏俱嶇殑鎴愬摗A锛岃鍚堟檪锛屼繚鐣欏叾渚嗘簮姊佃獮銆屽瓙闊崇祼灏俱
鐨勫舰寮忥細
鈥khud-pipasa > khup-pipasa = 椋㈡复 (Pali: khuda,f. ; Skt. ksudh, ksudha ;
BSk. Ksud)
鈥vac-karana-mattena > vak-karana-mattena = 鍙洜(鍠勬柤)璜囪 (Pali: vaca,f. ;
Skt. vac, vak, vakya)
2. 鎴愬摗B鐨勮獮闊宠畩鍖
鎴愬摗B涓鑸董鎸佸師渚嗙殑瑾炲熬璁婂寲锛屽彲鏄 -an渚嬪锛屽畠鏈変緷鍘熶締 -an璁婂寲鐨勶紝
涔熸湁渚 -a璁婂寲鐨勶細
鈥maccu-raja = 姝荤帇 (Nom.sg.)
鈥miga-rabbo = 楣跨帇 (Gen.sg.)
鈥maha-rabba = 澶х帇 (Ins.sg.)
鈥naga-rajassa = 璞$帇 (Gen.sg.)
鈥maha-yasam labhimsu = 寰楀ぇ鍚嶇ū (Acc.sg.)
3. 鎴愬摗A-B涔嬮枔鐨勯i煶璁婂寲
(1) A-B涔嬮枔渚濅竴鑸殑閫i煶娉曞墖(澶栭i煶)璁婂寲鐨勶細
鈥subba-agaram > subbagaram = 绌哄眿
鈥maha-ogho > mahogho = 澶ф毚娴 (娲按)
鈥anu-addhamasam > anvaddhamasam = 姣忓崐鏈
(2) 娉ㄦ剰锛氭垚鍝B鑻ュ師渚嗙殑姊佃獮褰㈢偤闆欏瓙闊充笩澶卞叾涓鐨勬儏褰紝鍓囬亣鍒版垚鍝A鐐烘瘝
闊崇祼灏炬檪锛屼竴鑸岃█锛B鏈冮噸瑜囧叾闁嬮牠鐨勫瓙闊筹細
鈥dittha-suta-muta-vibbatesu = 闂滄柤鎵瑕嬨佹墍鑱炪佹墍瑕恒佹墍鐭 (< wruta锛屼緥澶)
鈥bahu-suto > bahussuto = 澶氳仦 (< wruta)
鈥madhura-saro > madhurassaro = 闊宠伈鐢滅編 (< svara)
鈥sa-pabbo > sappabbo = 鏅鸿 (< prajba)
鈥jati-khayam > jatikkhayam = 鐢熺洝 (< ksaya)
鈥vehasa-thito > vehasatthito = 绔欏湪铏涚┖ (< stha)