壹、巴利语的「动词系统」及各类动词的「出现频率」

 












依「构成方式」区分

由「动词字根」构成的

由「名词语
基」构成的

依所表达的「语态 (Voice)」区分






denom.
A. M.

主动动词
(
七类)
Active





pass.
A. M.

使



cau.
A. M.





Intens.
A. M.





desid.
A. M.

Ending

Act.

Mid.





M
O
O
D



Ind.

现在Pres.
完成Perf.
过去Aor.
未来Fut.

命令Imper.

可能/愿望Opt.

条件Cond. (与过去
事实相反的假设语气)

劝止Injun.
(m
a + aor.)










现在分词
(ppr.)

过去被动分词
(pp./ppp.)

过去主动分词
(pap.)

未来被动分词
(fpp./grd.)



连续体
(ger./abs.)

不定体 (inf.)

 

【符号说明】: 最常用, 常用, 次常用, 少用, 罕用

贰、巴利语「七类动词」示例

 

1. 第一类:(强化) 字根 a 语尾

< bhu> sg. pl.

3rd. bhav-a-ti bhav-a-nti
2nd. bhav-a-si bhav-a-tha
1st. bhav-
a-mi bhav-a-ma

5. 第五类: 字根 na / na 语尾

< (b)ba> sg. pl.

3rd. ja-na-ti ja-na-nti
2nd. j
a-na-si ja-na-tha
1st. j
a-na-mi ja-na-ma

2. 第二类:以m强化字根 a 语尾

< bhuj> sg. pl.

3rd. bhubj-a-ti bhubj-a-nti
2nd. Bhu
bj-a-si bhubj-a-tha
1st. bhu
bj-a-mi bhubj-a-ma

6. 第六类: 字根 o 语尾

< kar> sg. pl.

3rd. kar-o-ti kar-o-nti
2nd. kar-o -si kar-o-tha
1st. kar-o -mi kar-o-ma

3. 第三类:字根 ya 语尾

< man> sg. pl.

3rd. mab-ba-ti mab-ba-nti
2nd. Ma
b-ba-si mab-ba-tha
1st. ma
b-ba-mi mab-ba-ma

7. 第七类:(强化) 字根 e 语尾

< dis> sg. pl.

3rd. des-e-ti des-e-nti
2nd. des-e-si des-e-tha
1st. des-e-mi des-e-ma

4. 第四类: 字根 no / no 语尾

< (s)su> sg. pl.

3rd. su-no-ti su-no-nti
2nd. su-
no-si su-no-tha
1st. su-
no-mi su-no-ma

第七类动词「语基母音」e = aya

 

 

参、存在动词as/hu的不规则变化

 

1. as的「直说法现在式」变化

sg. pl.

3rd. atthi snti
2nd. asi attha
1st. asmi / amhi amha / amh
a

2. hu 的「过去式」变化

sg. pl.

3rd. a-ho-si a-he-sum
2nd. a-ho-si a-hu-vatha
1st. a-ho-si
m a-hu-mha

肆、动词的「时态(Tense)、语气(Mood)、语态(Voice)

 

一、现在式 (Present Tense) 二、未来式 (Future Tense)

 

七类动词之现在式,如前表「贰」

< bhu> sg. pl.

3rd. bhav-a-ti bhav-a-nti
2nd. bhav-a-si bhav-a-tha
1st. bhav-
a-mi bhav-a-ma

 

字根 ( i / e ) ssa 现在式语尾

< kar> sg. pl.

3rd. kar-issa-ti kar-issa-nti
2nd. kar-issa-si kar-issa-tha
1st. kar-iss
a-mi kar-issa-ma

(kar-issa-m)

 

三、过去式 (Past or Aorist Tense)

 

(1) 第一型 ( i(s)- )

< (k)kam> sg. pl.

3rd. upasamkam-i upasamkam-imsu
2nd. upasa
mkam-i upasamkam-ittha
1st. upasa
mkam-im upasamkam-imha

(-imha)

(2) 第二型 ( s(i)- ) (常用于7th)

< dis > sg. pl.

3rd. des-e-si des-e-sum
2nd. des-e-si des-ittha
1st. des-e-si
m des-imha

 

四、命令语气 (Imper. Mood) 五、可能 / 愿望语气 (Pot./Opt. Mood)

 

现在式「语基」+ 命令式「语尾」

< bhu> sg. pl.

3rd. bhava-tu bhava-ntu
2nd. bhava (-
ahi) bhava-tha
1st. bhav
a-mi bhava-ma

 

现在式「语基」+ 可能 / 愿望式语尾

< bhu> sg. pl.

3rd. bhav-eyya bhav-eyyum
2nd. bhav-eyy
asi bhav-eyyatha
1st. bhav-eyy
ami bhav-eyyama

 

六、被动语态 (Passive Voice) 七、使役语态 (Causative Voice)

 

字根 ( i / i ) ya 现在式语尾

< pa-ha> sg. pl.

3rd. pahi-ya-ti pahi-ya-nti
2nd. pah
i-ya-si pahi-ya-tha
1st. pah
i-ya-mi pahi-ya-ma

 

(强化) 字根 [( a)p] e +现在式语尾

< bhu> sg. pl.

3rd. bhav-e-ti bhav-e-nti
2nd. bh
av-e-si bhav-e-tha
1st. bh
av-e-mi bhav-e-ma

使役式「语基母音」e = aya

伍、巴利语 / 梵语 动词分类 对照表

巴利语动词

梵语动词

类别

标志

示例

类别

标志

示例

I

(a) 类:

(
重音化)
+ -a-

bhu, bhav-a-ti / ho-ti
ji, jay-a-ti / je-ti
n
i, nay-a-ti / ne-ti
vad, vad-a-ti

<I>

重音化
+ -(a)-

bhu, bhav-a-ti
ji, jay-a-ti
n
i, nay-a-ti
vad, vad-a-ti

是、成为

引导

bandh, bandh-a-ti

IX

强:-na-
弱:-ni-

bandh, badh-na-ti

(b) 类:

不规则

gam, gacch-a-ti
(j)jhe, jh
ay-a-ti
(j)jhe, jh
ay-a-ti
(ge, mile
同上)
(t)tha, tittha-ti
p
a, piba-ti
(piva-ti / pipa-ti)

<I>

不规则
v
rddhi
v
rddhi
v
rddhi
重複字根
重複字根

gam, gacch-a-ti
dhyai, dh
ay-a-ti
k
sai, ksay-a-ti
(gai, mlai
同上)
sth
a, tistha-ti
p
a, piba-ti


(禅)思
燃烧
(唱,萎)
站立

rud, rud-a-ti
(p)phus, phus-a-ti
is, icch-a-ti

<VI>

字根不变
(
或鼻化)
(
或不规则)

rud, rud-a-ti
sp
rs, sprs-a-ti
i
s, icch-a-ti

悲泣
碰触
希求

i, e-ti
s
i, se-ti
as, at-thi
vac, vat-ti
han, han-ti
vid, ve-ti

II

强:重音化
弱:不变

i, e-ti
wi, we-te
as, as-ti
vac, vak-ti
han, han-ti
vid, vet-ti


躺下
是、有


知道

bru, bru-ti
v
a, va-ti
sn
a, sina-ti
y
a, ya-ti

长母音结尾

bru, bravi-ti
v
a, va-ti
sn
a, sna-ti
y
a, ya-ti



沐浴

ha, jaha-ti
d
a, dada-ti
/ de-ti
dh
a, daha-ti
hu, juha-ti
gar, jagga-ti
/ j
agar-a-ti

III

重複字根

强:重音化

弱:不变

ha, jaha-ti
d
a, dada-ti
/ dat-te
dh
a, dadha-ti
hu, juho-ti
gar, j
agar-ti
/ j
agar-a-ti

捨弃
施、与

放置
祭祀
醒寤


 

巴利语动词

梵语动词

类别

标志

示例

类别

标志

示例

II

-m-a-

bhuj, bhubj-a-ti
yuj, yu
bj-a-ti
chid, chind-a-ti
his, hi
ms-a-ti

VII

强:-na-
弱:-n-

bhuj, bhunak-ti
yuj, yunak-ti
chid, chinat-ti
hi
ms, hinas-ti

食、受用
连结
切、断
害、杀

muc, mubc-a-ti
sic, si
bc-a-ti
vid, vind-a-ti
lip, limp-a-ti
lup, lump-a-ti

<VI>

字根鼻化
(
或不变)

muc, mubc-a-ti
sic, si
bc-a-ti
vid, vind-a-ti
lip, limp-a-ti
lup, lump-a-ti

解开
灌、注
发现

破坏、劫夺

III

-ya-

vid, vij-ja-ti

<VI>

被动动词
-ya-

vid, vid-ya-te

存在、
被发现

rudh, ruj-ja-ti
(ni-rujjati
灭、止息)

VII

rudh, rudh-ya-te
(ni-rudhyate)

被抑止

man, mab-ba-ti
muc, muc-ca-ti
pad, paj-ja-ti
(up-pajjati
生起)
budh, buj-jha-ti
jan, j
a-ya-ti
(j)jh
a, jha-ya-ti
(j)jh
a, jha-ya-ti
g
a, ga-ya-ti
mil
a, mila-ya-ti
v
a, va-ya-ti
(v
a-ti F (I))
sn
a, naha-ya-ti
(sn
a-ti F (I))

<IV>

-y(a)-

man, man-y-a-te
muc, muc-ya-te
pad, pad-y-a-te
(ut-padyate)
budh, budh-y-a-te
jan, j
a-y-a-te


解开


醒、觉

长母音结尾
-y(a)-

dhya, dhya-y-a-ti
k
sa, ksa-y-a-ti
g
a, ga-y-a-ti
ml
a, mla-y-a-ti
v
a, va-y-a-ti
(II) v
a, va-ti
sn
a, sna-y-a-ti
(II) sn
a, sna-ti

(禅)思
燃烧
唱歌
枯萎


沐浴
沐浴

ya, ya-ya-ti
(y
a-ti F (I))
(k)kh
a, kha-ya-ti

II

长母音结尾
强:重音化

弱:不变

ya, ya-ti

khy
a, khya-ti



显得、看似

IV

-no- /
-
no-

(s)su, su-no-ti
ap, ap-po-ti
sak, sak-ko-ti

V

强:-no-

弱:-nu-

wru, wr-no-ti
ap, ap-no-ti
wak, wak-no-ti


获得
能够


 

巴利语动词

梵语动词

类别

标志

示例

类别

标志

示例

V

-na- /
-na
-

(b)ba, ja-na-ti
(g)gah, ga
nha-ti
(k)ki, ki-
na-ti

IX

强:-na-
弱:-ni-

jba, ja-na-ti
grah, g
rh-na-ti
kr
i, kri-na-ti

知道
捉取

(s)su, su-na-ti
(p)pa-
ap, pap-una-ti
sak(k), sak-kun
a-ti
ci, ci-n
a-ti
hi, hi-n
a-ti
(pa-hi
nati
遣送、出使)

V

强:-no-
弱:-nu-

wru, wr-no-ti
ap, ap-no-ti
wak, wak-no-ti
ci, ci-no-ti
hi, hi-no-ti


获得
能够
积、集
促进、驱使

ji, ji-na-ti

<I>

重音化
+ -(a)-

ji, jay-a-ti

VI

-o-

kar, kar-o-ti
tan, tan-o-ti

VIII

字根n结尾
强:-o-
弱:-u-

kr, kar-o-ti
tan, tan-o-ti


扩大、伸展

ap(p), app-o-ti
sak(k), sakk-o-ti

V

强:-no-
弱:-nu-

ap, ap-no-ti
wak, wak-no-ti

获得
能够

VII

(重音化)

+

-e- /
-aya-

cur, cor-e-ti
cint, cint-e-ti
p
uj, puj-e-ti

<X>

重音化
+ -ay(a)-

cur, cor-ay-a-ti
cint, cint-ay-a-ti
p
uj, puj-ay-a-ti


思考
恭敬

dhar, dhar-e-ti
vid, ved-e-ti
dis, des-e-ti

-
II
VI

使役动词
-ay(a)-

dhr, dhar-ay-a-ti
vid, ved-ay-a-ti
di
w, dew-ay-a-ti

受持
感受、经验
教导

kath, kath-e-ti
ga
n, gan-e-ti

名动

-ya-

katha, katha-ya-ti
ga
na-ya-ti

> 说
众 > 算总

vad, vad-e-ti
cud, cod-e-ti

<I>

重音化
+ -(a)-

vad, vad-a-ti
cud, cod-a-ti


驱策、诃责

(g)gah, gah-e-ti

IX

强:-na-

弱:-ni-

grah, grh-na-ti

捉取